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BIO 275 > Chapter 6-7-10-11-12-13 > Flashcards

Chapter 6-7-10-11-12-13 Flashcards

1
Q

what are virion

A

virus particle made of DNA or RNA in protein coat

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2
Q

How do virus attach?

A

attachment is based on host cell receptors that bind to virus

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3
Q

How does virus infect host

A
  1. envelope fused with host cell membrane
  2. endocytosis in vessicle
  3. inject nucleic acid
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4
Q

virus synthesis

A
  1. Early protein takes over cell
  2. Late protein assemble virus (capsid)
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5
Q

how are virus release

A
  1. virus lyse host cell after being replicated (non-enveloped)
  2. incorporated into cell membrane and budd off in a process known as budding (enveloped)
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6
Q

virulent phage

A

lyse host cell after being made (lytic cycle)

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7
Q

temporate phage

A

has two option
1. act like virulent phage and lyse host cell
2. stays in host cell w/o destroying it (lysogenic cycle

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8
Q

lysogeny

A

incorporated into genome

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9
Q

lysogen

A

prophage stays in host cell and can change from lysogenic cycle to lytic cycle

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10
Q

Eukaryotic infection

A
  1. cytocidal-cell death (infection)
  2. persistant infection. asymptomatic
  3. cytopathic effect (CPE) cause degenerative change, abnormalities, and transformation of malignant cells
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11
Q

what does virus do in host cell

A
  1. bind to host cell to supress tumor suppressent protein
  2. carry oncogene into host and insert into host genome
  3. alter cell regulator by inserting promoter or enhancer next to cellular oncogene. which leads to loss regulation and abnormal cell growth
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12
Q

Plaque Essay

A

sample of dilution of virus on lawn of host cell to determine ID and LD at 50%
find the lower dose to cause infection or death

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13
Q

what are viroid

A

infectious agent of enclosed circular ssRNAs that do no encode gene product (gene silencing)

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14
Q

how doe viroid replicate

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to reliplicate

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15
Q

What are virusoid

A

infectious agent of enclosed circular ssRNA that encode one or more gene product

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16
Q

how does virusoid replicate

A

requires a helper virus to replicate

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17
Q

Prion

A

cause degenerative disease in humans and animals

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18
Q

Type of disease caused by prions

A
  1. Scrapies (sheep)
  2. Bovine Encephalopathy disease (mad cow disease)
  3. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disesase and varient CJD (Humans)-from being exposed to prions by eating contaminated meat
  4. Chronic wasting disease (deer)
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19
Q

what is normal prion

A

PrPc

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20
Q

what is abnormal prion

A

PrPsc

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21
Q

How does prion infect

A

PrPsc enter the brain of host causing PrPc to change to PrPsc. the PrPsc then change the other PrPc. This cause apoptosis and neuron loss.

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22
Q

How do Eukaryotic reproduce

A
  1. sexual reproduction with the exception of yeast cells which undergo asexual reproduction.
  2. has 46 chromosomes known as diploid
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23
Q

How do prokaryote reproduce

A
  1. Binary fission and budding
  2. has one chromosome known as haploid
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24
Q

Bacterial cell cycle

A

2 pathway
1. replication
2. DNA partitioning (segregation) and cytokinesis

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25
Q

description of chromosome

A

circular, double stranded, and helical

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26
Q

where do replication begin

A

at the origin

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27
Q

where do replication end

A

at the terminus

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28
Q

replisome

A

protein at the origin that helps copy DNA

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29
Q

Sequence of replication

A
  1. replisome copy DNA
  2. DNA replication proceed in 2 direction from the origin
  3. origin moves to opposite ends of the cell
  4. replisome pushes daughter cell to opposite ends
  5. replisome attaches to MreB and follows the spiral shape causing the strand to separate.
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30
Q

MreB is similar to what in homolog

A

actin

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31
Q

plasmid

A

Genetic structure that replicates independently of the chromosome

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32
Q

E coli plasmid

A
  1. has 3 protein that ensures there’s a copy plasmid in each of the the cell during cytokinesis
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33
Q

ParM

A

filament. protein made grows in size pushing plasmid to opposite ends of cell

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34
Q

ParR and ParC

A

holds onto the origin of the plasmid and ParM and as ParM elongates, ensure plasmid is pushed to the end of the cell

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35
Q

septation

A

formation of cross wall between daughter cell

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36
Q

cytokinesis

A

formation of two daughter cell
separation of cytoplasm

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37
Q

step to septation formation

A
  1. z-ring assemble
    2.cell wall assemble
  2. constriction of cell
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38
Q

FtsZ

A

protein that makes up z-mesh work. forms a ring at the center of the cell on the inside of the cell membrane

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39
Q

Min CDE

A
  1. limit z-ring to center through oscillation.
  2. greater toward the two end of cell and decrease toward the center allowing z-ring to form.
  3. breaks FtsZ protein
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40
Q

Anchoring protein

A

links z-ring to membrane to create divisome

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41
Q

divisome

A

protein for division

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42
Q

how does FtsZ help with septation

A

cinch inward creating invagination

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43
Q

Autolysin

A

binds peptidoglycan and breaks it
after breaking it holds on to each end
as the cell sends out peptidoglycan in the form of NAM and NAG, and autolysin grabs them and attaches them to broken peptidoglycan. wall gets built around cinching cell membrane

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44
Q

bactoprenol complex

A

Takes NAM and NAG across membrane to new division site so it can be incorporated into the cell wall.

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45
Q

continuous culture

A
  1. grow bacteria in an open system known as chemostat
  2. resupply nutrients and take away waste
  3. kept at exponential (log) phase to create maximum production
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46
Q

extremophile

A

survive in harsh condition that kill most organism

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47
Q

Halophile

A

require NaCl of .2M

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48
Q

exteme halophile

A

2-6.2M salt stabilizes membrane.

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49
Q

acidophile

A

favor enviroment with pH of 0-5.5

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50
Q

neutrophile

A

favor environment with pH of 5.5-7

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51
Q

alkaliphile

A

favor environment with pH of 8.5-11.5

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52
Q

psychrophile

A

grow in temp of 0-20

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53
Q

psychrotroph

A

grow in temp of 0-35

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54
Q

mesophile

A

grow in temp of 20-45

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55
Q

thermophile

A

grow in temp of 55-85

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56
Q

hyperthermophile

A

grow in temp of 85-113

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57
Q

excessive oxygen cause what

A

toxic reactive oxygen species, which need protective enzyme

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58
Q

what are the protective enzyme produce by aerobic microbes

A
  1. superoxide dismutase
  2. catalase
  3. peroxidase
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59
Q

osmotolerant microbes

A

grow in a wide range of water activity
tolerate salt but grow slow in population

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60
Q

how do microbes survive if they can’t regulate internal cell temp

A

metabolize using enzymes
high temp denature enzyme

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61
Q

distinct cardinal growth

A

minimum, optimal, maximum

62
Q

what percent is atmosphere oxygen

A

20%

63
Q

aerobe

A

grown in atmosphere oxygen 20%

64
Q

anaerobe

A

grown in absence of oxygen

65
Q

obligated aerobe

A

require oxygen to survive

66
Q

obligated anaerobe

A

killed by oxygen

67
Q

microaerobe

A

require oxygen to survive but only small amount 2-10%

68
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

can survive without oxygen but grows best in it

69
Q

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

grows w/wo oxygen

70
Q

sessile environment

A

attaches to surface

71
Q

planktonic environment

A

free floating

72
Q

Biofilm

A
  1. extracellular polymeric substance
  2. made of polysaccharide, protein, and DNA
  3. slime enclosed community
73
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

help virus attached to host

74
Q

neurominidase

A

helps virus leave host

75
Q

quorum sensing

A

density-dependent manner
cell-to-cell communication

76
Q

AHL

A

acylhomoderine lactone
autoinducer molecule made by gram negative organism that diffuses across membrane and cause feedback
causes target gene regulate variety of function

77
Q

host-microbe interaction

A

symbiosis-vibrio fischeri and bioluminescence squid

78
Q

metabolism

A

total of all chemical reaction

79
Q

catabolism

A
  1. fuel reaction that captures energy
  2. generate reducing power (electron)
  3. anabolic precursor
80
Q

anabolism

A

make organic molecules from precursor (need energy for fueling precursor)

81
Q

chemical work

A

make complex molecule

82
Q

transport

A

nutrient up and waste removal

83
Q

mechanical work

A

motility and intracellular structural movement

84
Q

redox reaction

A

transfer of electron

85
Q

enzyme

A

speed up reaction by lowering the activation energy.

86
Q

what effects enzyme

A
  1. the amount of substrate (rate increase when substrate concentration goes up, reach plateau or saturation point
  2. temperature and pH (denature)
87
Q

regulation of metabolism

A
  1. transcription and translation regulation
  2. metabolic channeling (compartmentation)
  3. post-translational regulation
88
Q

allosteric regulation

A
  1. positive and negative effector
  2. binds to regulatory site non-covalently and alter the activity of the catalytic site
89
Q

covalent modification

A
  1. add/remove chemical group and acts as on/of switch
  2. secondary regulation to allosteric enzyme
90
Q

macromolecule

A

require large amount
consist of C, O, H, N

91
Q

micronutrient

A

require trace amount
Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu

92
Q

what is backbone of organic molecule

A

carbon

93
Q

what is found in organic molecule

A

O and H

94
Q

Carbon source provides what

A

H, O, and electrons

95
Q

heterotroph

A

uses organic molecule as carbon source and Carbon acts as energy source

96
Q

autotroph

A

uses CO2 as carbon source and require energy from other source

97
Q

phototroph

A

use light as energy source

98
Q

chemotroph

A

use oxidation of chemical components as energy source

99
Q

lithotroph

A

use inorganic substance

100
Q

organotrophs

A

use organic substance

101
Q

aerobic respiration pathway

A

catabolize organic energy source (sugar) into CO2

102
Q

catabolic pathway

A

glycolysis, TCA, Electron transport chain (ETC)

103
Q

glycolysis

A
  1. oxidize glucose to pyruvate
  2. yield 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
  3. Embden-Meyerhof path occurs in microorganisms, plants, and animals
104
Q

TCA

A
  1. oxidize pyruvate into CO2
  2. yields 3 CO2, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
105
Q

Electron transport chain

A
  1. electron transport from NADH/FADH2 to electron carrier to O2 creates proton gradient
106
Q

PMF

A

Proton Motive Force- moving electron across membrane creating electrochemical gradient

107
Q

ATP synthase

A

PMF pushes proton through ATP synthase making ATP
yields 32-38 ATP

108
Q

what is energy used for

A

biosynthetic pathway

109
Q

glucogenesis

A
  1. make glucose from nonglucose precursors (functional reverse of glycolysis)
  2. glucose, fructose, and mannose are glucogenic intermediate
110
Q

amino acid synthesis

A

precursor metabolite can be used as starting substrate for making amino acid

111
Q

purine

A
  1. adenine and guanine
  2. biosynthesis complex with many molecules contributing to final purine (made from many components)
112
Q

pyrimidine

A
  1. uracil, thymine, and cytosine
  2. biosynthesis begins with aspartic acid and carbamoyl (step-by-step process)
113
Q

Lipid synthesis

A

fatty acid synthesized and added to other molecules to form other lipids.

114
Q

amino acid are made up of what?

A

hydrogen group, carboxyl group, amino group, and R group (different for each amino acid)

115
Q

DNA

A

genetic information

116
Q

RNA role

A

express info from DNA (transcription)

117
Q

protein and enzyme

A

build cellular structure and do cellular work

118
Q

genome

A

all DNA in cell or virus

119
Q

haploid

A

one set of gene (chromosome)
Bacteria/Archaea

120
Q

Diploid

A

Eukarya
two sets of gene

121
Q

genotype

A

specific set of genes an organism possesses

122
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristic

123
Q

central dogma

A

DNA make RNA make Protein

124
Q

transcription/translation requires what type RNA

A

tRNA and rRNA

125
Q

polymer of nucleotide linked by what type of bond

A

phosphodiester bond

126
Q

DNA STRUCTURE

A
  1. adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
  2. deoxyribose sugar, phosphate
    3.phosphate is covalently bonded between 3’ OH and 5’ OH of sugar
  3. double stranded helix with major and minor grove
  4. adenine and thymine has 2 H bond and guanine and cytosine has 3 H bond
127
Q

RNA

A
  1. adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
  2. single stranded
  3. include messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
128
Q

amino acid has what kind of bond

A

peptide bond

129
Q

Amino acid Structure

A

has amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain
polar, nonpoplar, charged, depending on side chain

130
Q

template

A

begining strand

131
Q

semi-conservative

A

consist of old strand and new strand

132
Q

bidirectional

A

two direction from replication fork

133
Q

replicon

A

origin and replicated as a unit

134
Q

DNA in Archaea

A

circular and more than one orgin

135
Q

DNA in Eukarya

A

linear and multiple origin (replication fork)

136
Q

DNA polymerase

A

make complimentary DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction via phosphodiester bonds

137
Q

what is need to copy DNA

A

DNA template, primers, dNTPs

138
Q

E. coli has how many DNA polymerase

A

5 with DNA pol III plays major role in replication

139
Q

Helicase

A

unwind DNA strand

140
Q

SSB protein

A

Single StrandedBinding Protein keeps strand apart and not rewinding

141
Q

Topiosomerase

A

Remove tension from strand to prevent supercoiling

142
Q

DNA gyrase

A

ease strain from unwound DNA

143
Q

Primase

A

make short RNA primers need by DNA pol III
mark starting point

144
Q

leading strand

A

continuous

145
Q

lagging strand

A

uncontinuous (okazaki fragments)

146
Q

DNA pol I

A

removes RNA primers

147
Q

Ligase

A

joint okazaki fragments

148
Q

DNA pol III

A

proofread growing strand via exonuclease activity

149
Q

when do relpication stop

A

reach termination site (ter, terminus)

150
Q

catenanes

A

intertwined chromosome
separated by topiosomerases

BIO 275 (9 decks)

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