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BIO 275 > chapter 37, 38, and 39 > Flashcards

chapter 37, 38, and 39 Flashcards

1
Q

epidemiology

A

science that evaluates occurrence, determinant, distribution, health and disease within a defined population

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2
Q

John Snow

A

english physician
first epidemiologist
study cholera in London

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3
Q

CDC

A

center for disease control in Atlanta
develop and apply disease control,
environmental health,
transmission,
health promotion and education activity

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4
Q

epidemiology focus

A

causative agent
source/reservoir
host/environmental factors
that facilitate disease development and control measure

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5
Q

sporadic disease

A

occurs occasionally and at irregular intervals

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6
Q

endemic disease

A

maintains a low-level frequency and at moderately regular intervals

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7
Q

hyperendemic disease

A

gradually increased in occurrence frequency above endemic level but not to epidemic level

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8
Q

outbreak

A

sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease
limited to a segment of population

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9
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak affecting many people
limited to city (local)

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10
Q

index case

A

first casualty (speculated person)

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11
Q

pandemic

A

increase in disease occurrence within large population over at least two countries around the world that is not neighboring

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12
Q

Public health surveillance

A

science of protecting the population and improving human health through
education
promoting healthy lifestyle
preventing disease

look for cause-and-effect relationship to determin risk (going through death certificate, investigate epidemic)

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13
Q

Remote sensing

A

(RS) gathering satellite images of Earth’s surface from satelites

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14
Q

geographic information system

A

(GIS) organise data and displays digital map

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15
Q

measuring infectious frequency

A

determine if outbreak and which one
measure frequency at single time points and over time

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16
Q

what is measured?

A

morbidity rate
prevalence rate
mortality rate

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17
Q

morbidity

A

number of new cases of disease during the specific period over the total number of individuals in the population (new cases)

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18
Q

prevalence

A

total number of cases in population/total population *100

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19
Q

mortality rate

A

number of deaths due to a given disease/size of the total population with the same disease

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20
Q

common source

A

single common contaminated source (food, water)

21
Q

propagated

A

intro of a single infected individual into a susceptible population which is propagated to others (slow onset last a while)

22
Q

threshold of density

A

minimum number of individuals needed to continue propagate disease

23
Q

Herd immunity

A

resistance of a population to infection and pathogen spread due to the immunity of a large percentage of the population.

if a new pathogen then the population will get the disease

more people are susceptible, will spread disease

24
Q

systemic epidemiology

A

focus on ecological/social factors that influence development and spread of diseases
1. population growth
2. increase travel
3. habitat disruption
4. social unrest

25
Q

nosocomial infection

A

infection acquire by patient in hospital/clinical facility

caused by normal microbiota (many antibiotic resistant)

proper training of personnel and handwashing to stop spread of infection

26
Q

epidemiology control

A

stop source/reservoir
break connection between source and susceptible individual
reduce the number of susceptible individuals and raise herd immunity (immunization)

27
Q

vaccine

A

preparation of microbial antigens to induce protective immunity

28
Q

immunization

A

result of obtained when vaccine stimulate immunity

29
Q

vaccine contain

A

living/attenuated/killed microbes
inactivated toxins, purified cell material, recombinant vectors or DNA

30
Q

whole cell vaccine

A

contains whole cell organisms that are either inactivated (killed) or attenuated (weakened but alive but not avirulent)

immunosuppressed patient at risk and attenuated vaccine could revert (activated again)

31
Q

acellular (subunit) vaccine

A

w/o cell
specific purified macromolecule from pathogen

32
Q

toxoid

A

inactivated exotoxin

33
Q

recombinant vector vaccine

A

gene encoding pathogenic antigens inserted into nonvirulent viruses or bacteria which serves as vector and expresses gene in host
(gene on chromosome copied and put in virus, nonlethal)

can cause cellular or humoral immunity

34
Q

DNA vaccine

A

pathogenic DNA introduced into the host (muscle)
DNA moves to the host nucleus and the fragment is expressed
host immune system responds to foreign proteins produced.

35
Q

bioterrorism

A

intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, and plants

cause mass casualty

36
Q

biocrime

A

when chosen as a means for a localized attack

37
Q

how to prepare

A
  1. stock up on vaccine and medicine (don’t last forever, restock constantly, cost)
  2. increase in biodefense research
  3. improved detection and diagnostic system
  4. identification of select agen
  5. health care preparation
38
Q

Chickpox and shingle

A

virecella-zoster DNA virus
herpesviridae
Human reservoir/source (droplet inhalation
cause vesicular rash
given acyclovir -nucleotide analog/homolog (looks like nucleotide and slows down process)

39
Q

Influenza

A

Influenza RNA virus
Orthomyxoviridae
numerous animal host (mammals, birds)
inhalation or ingestion of respiratory secretion

40
Q

Flu subtype

A

based on Hemagglutinate and neuraminidase
HA facilitate receptor mediated endocytosis
NA- release of virion from infected host
16 HA and 9 NA

41
Q

antigenic drift

A

small genetic changes resulting in small protein change (host takes in virus and not properly copied which produce different strain)

42
Q

antigenic shift

A

major change caused by two different influenza strain infecting same host and being incorporated into single capsid

43
Q

H5N1

A

bird flu
cause human disease/death but low infectivity

44
Q

H1N1

A

Swine flu (current pandemic)

45
Q

symptoms of flu

A

chills, fever, headache, aches
can get secondary infection
more than 7 days to recover
inactivated vaccine recommended

46
Q

Measle

A
  1. Measle RNA virus
  2. Paramyxoviridae
  3. Human only host
    t4. hrough respiratory tract (2 week incubation)
  4. fever, malaise, Koplik (oral) spot, rash (face/thoracic)
  5. attenuated vaccine
47
Q

Mumps

A
  1. Mumps RNA virus
  2. paramyxoviridae
  3. Human are only host
  4. respiratory tract ( 2 week incubation)
  5. fever, swollen salivary glands, onchitis (infection of testis, lead to infertility)
  6. attenuated vaccine
48
Q

Respiratory Syndrome

A
  1. numerous acute respiratory viruses (rhino, adeno, RSV)
  2. numerous host
  3. rhinitis, tonsilitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia
  4. symptomatic/supportive therapy
49
Q

German Measle (Rubella)

A
  1. Rubella RNA virus
  2. Togaviridae
  3. Human are only host
  4. respiratory tract/saliva 2 week incubation period
  5. fever and rash (lead to conginital rubella syndrome
  6. live attenuated vaccine

BIO 275 (9 decks)

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