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1. Infection & Immunity > Enteric Gram-neg (part 2) > Flashcards

Enteric Gram-neg (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Genus Salmonella

A

Doesn’t ferment lactose, produces H2S
Motile by peritrichous flagella
O, H and Vi antigens

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2
Q

Which two species of salmonella aren’t motile?

A

S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum

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3
Q

Vi antigen

A

Isn’t anti-phagocytic
Important virulence factor for S. Typhi

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4
Q

How many serotypes of salmonella are there?

A

Over 2200, named after the city they were isolated (S. Hartford, S. Newport, etc.)

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5
Q

How many serovars are there?

A

Nearly 2500 based on Kauffman-White scheme
H and O antigens determine the serovars

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6
Q

S. enterica

A

Divided into 7 subspecies causing disease in humans and other warm-blood animals

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7
Q

What are the subspecies of S. enterica?

A

S. Typhimurium (humans), Typhi (poultry), Enteritidis, Abortusovis, Choleraesuis, Dublin (cattle, young animals), Gallinarum and Pullorum

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8
Q

Where are S. enterica found?

A

Gi of warm and cold-blood animals

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9
Q

Are animals within S. enterica host adapted?

A

Some: Abortus-equi, abortus-ovis, choleraesuis in swine
Some aren’t: Newport, Anatum, Typhimurium

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10
Q

S. enterica transmission

A

Fecal-oral route
Infection depends on type of species, host immune status and infectious dose

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11
Q

Clinical manifestation of Salmonellosis

A

Diarrhea
BUT depending on the strain and dose it may manifest septicemia

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12
Q

Host factors of S. enterica

A

Age, immune status, concurrent disease, composition of normal flora (provide resistance to colonization)

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of S.enterica

A
  1. Adhesion to intestinal epith.
  2. Invasion via M CELLS OF PEYER’S PATCHES (ileum)
  3. Intestine and epith. cells engulfment OR directly taken up by DENDRITIC cells from submucosa
  4. Salmonella localized within the salmonella containing vacuums in cytoplasm
  5. SCVs transytose salmonella cells to submucosa
  6. Salmonella internalized within phagocytes (in SCV)
  7. Infected phagocytes disseminate through lymph and bloodstream –> SEPTICEMIA
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14
Q

What are young animals prone to with salmonellosis?

A

Enteritis and septicemia form

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15
Q

What are adut animals prone to with salmonellosis?

A

Acute enteritis
Chronic enteritis (in growing pigs and occasionally in cattle)
Pregnant animals may abort (septicemia)

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16
Q

Salmonellosis in dogs and cats

A

Infrequent and characterized by acute diarrhea

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17
Q

Disease patterns of salmonellosis

A

Intestinal lesions of fibrinosuppurative nercotizing and hemorrhagic inflammation of distal small intestine (common in cattle and swine)
Multifocal liver necrosis

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18
Q

Disease patterns in the septicemic form of salmonellosis

A

Fibrinoid change in BVs, vasculitis, thromboembolism, hemorrhage and infaracts

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19
Q

Salmonellosis in ruminants

A

Affects neonatal, young and adult cattle
Septicemic or limited to enteritis
Calves may have pneumonia (S. Dublin)
S. Dublin, Newport and Typhimurium are commonly isolated from cattle

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20
Q

Salmonellosis in swine

A

Acute, fulminating septicemia or chronic debilitating disease
With septicemic S. Choleraesuis: enlarged spleen (hypermia), dark blue ears (thrombosis) and venous congestion
S. typhimurium and S. choleraesuis predominant

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21
Q

Salmonellosis in horses

A

Diarrhea with occasional septicemia
Colic, GI surgery and antimicrobial agent
S. Typhimurium and S. Anatum are common isolates

22
Q

Salmonellosis in poultry

A

Paratyphoid
Pullorum disease
Fowl typhoid

23
Q

Paratyphoid

A

Caused by motile serovars in first 2 weeks of life presented by septicemia
True paratyphoid caused by S. paratyphi in humans

24
Q

Pullorum disease

A

Causes by S. pullorum
Eradicated from the US
Infects ova of chicken and turkey so embyro infected when egg is hatched
Chickens 2-3 weeks of age die to septicemia

25
Q

Fowl typhoid

A

Caused by S. Gallinarum
Acute and chronic disease of domesticated adult chicken
Rare in the US

26
Q

Competitive flora

A

Competitive flora helps reduces the #s of Salmonella by competeing for nutrients, masking receptors and producing toxic compounds –> COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION

27
Q

Diagnosis of salmonella

A

Fecal sample in intestinal and blood systemic salmonellosis for culture (MacConkey and XLD)
PCR

28
Q

Treatment for salmonellosis

A

Enteric: Nursing
Septicemic: nursing care and antibiotics
Endotoxemia: administering serum with Abs to the core LPS (endotoxin)

29
Q

Control and prevention of salmonellosis

A

Monitor breeder flocks
Public health and hygiene to prevent human salmonellosis
Competitive exclusion

30
Q

Genus Yersinia

A

Gram-neg, cocco-bacilli
Most species flagellated @ ambient temp
7 species: Y. pestis, ruckeri, enterocolitica, pseudotuberculosis, intermedia, kristensenii, frederikensii

31
Q

Y. Pestis

A

Non-motile and resembles safety pin of Wright’s Giemsa or Wayson stains
Causes plague (rodent based zoonotic)

32
Q

Which animals are infected with Yersinia naturally?

A

Lagomorphs, felids, canids, mustelids and ungulates

33
Q

How is the Yersinia disease manifested?

A

Local lymphadentits (bubonic plague)
Pneumonia (pneumonic plague)
Septicemia (speticemic plague)
Sylvatic plague transmitted by arthropod bite

34
Q

Cat & the plague

A

Fleas bite via lymphatic, regional LN
Nodular necrosis, suppuration, hemorrhage, edema, fibrin, acute necrotizing inflammation
Bubonic form most common
Pneumonic plague via inhalation of aerosol
Feline plague is rapidly progressing febrile illness

35
Q

Bubonic plague in europe

A

1352 25 million dead
Killed 40% of european pop in 14th century
10 million in asia in first half of 20th century

36
Q

Plague based weapon

A

Category A biological agent
Weapon delievered by aerosol –> severe acquired pneumonia
Pestis: septic shock and death without early treatment

37
Q

Plague in the USA

A

Endemic in western USA causes servile human cases annually (reemerging zoonotic)
Humans get it from fleabite, aerosol or infected cats

38
Q

Y. pseudotubersulosis

A

Rodent pathogen that causes abdominal pain in humans without diarrhea
Starlings, grackles and other birds are reservoirs, dogs and cats infected via predation

39
Q

Pseudotuberculosis

A

In guinea pigs, cats and turkeys
In small animals, begins as a caseous abscess in mesenteric LN spreading to liver, spleen, etc.

40
Q

Y. enterocolitica

A

Psychorphilic organism that has mediated infection via blood transfusion
Humans: high or low virulence
Several thousand cases of food-borne illness in US
Zoonotic

41
Q

Y. enterocolitica in swine

A

Principal reservoir for virulent strains of Y. enterocolitica (from tonsils and tongues of healthy animals)

42
Q

Y. ruckeri

A

Red-mouth of salmon and trout
Responsible for fatal piscine septicemia

43
Q

Diagnosis of Yersinia

A

History
Gram stain -flourescent Ab test of F1 Ag
PCR and DNA sequencing
CIN selective media and cold enrichment for Y. enterocolitica

44
Q

Prevention and control of Yersinia

A

Rapid antibiotic therapy (plague)
Streptomycin for human, gentamycin and tetracycline
Hospitalize pneumonic animals
Flea and rodent control
F1 and V subunit vx
Cleaning and cooking pork

45
Q

Genus Klebsiella characteristics

A

Gram-neg bacilli, short, non-motile, capsulate
Opportunistic
3 species: K. pneomoniae, oxytoca, granulomatis

46
Q

K. pneumoniae subspecies

A

Pneumoniae, ozaenae and rhinoscleromatis
(animal pathogens)

47
Q

Genus Klebsiella disease

A

Common in nature, surface water, sewage, soil and plant material
Commensals of mammalian intestinal tract

48
Q

What is KNN associated with?

A

Bovine mastitis, equine mastitis, navel ill/ joint ill, neonatal sepitcemia in foals calves and kids
Acquire extended spectrum of B-actaase resistance

49
Q

Common characteristic of KNN and K. oxytoca

A

Opportunistic of equine repro tract and important of birds

50
Q

Pathogenesis of Genus Klebsiella

A

Virulence factors: capsule, endotoxin and adhesions

51
Q

Diagnosis Genus Klebsiella

A

Muccoid colonies are indicative of capsule production

52
Q

Genus Klebsiella prevention and control

A

Don’t bed animals on sawdust or wood shavings
Improved hand washing and sterilization to prevent nosocomial infection

1. Infection & Immunity (19 decks)

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