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1. Infection & Immunity > Anaerobic Bacteria > Flashcards

Anaerobic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Anaerobic gram + bacteria

A

Clostridium species (spore-forming)

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2
Q

Anaerobic gram - genera

A

Dichelobacter (foot rot in cattle and sheep)
Fusobacterium (“… “)
Bacteroides (diarrhea, abortion, mastitis, abscess)

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3
Q

Clostridia characteristics

A

Rod, spore-forming
Production of potent extracellular toxins (tetanus and botulism)
Neurotoxic, histotoxic, enterotoxic

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4
Q

Which organisms are neurotoxins?

A

C. Botulinum and C. Tetani

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5
Q

C. Tetani

A

Obligate anaerobe, spore have a drumstick shaped bacillus
Agent of Tetanus or Lockjaw
High mortality in all animals

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6
Q

Where is C. Tetani found?

A

Soil and digestive tracts of all animals

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7
Q

Tetanus

A

Horses, ruminants and swine most susceptible
Neuropathic intoxication due to neurotoxin and tetanospasm
Tonic- clonic convulsions and spastic paralysis

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8
Q

Portal of entry to C. Tetani

A

Penetrating wounds or abrasions, surgical incisions, docking, injection site, postpartum lesions, etc.
Deep wounds and necrosis provide the reduced O2 microenvironment

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9
Q

C. Botulinum

A

Obligate anaerobes, sub-terminal oval spores
1 ug can kill a person
Causes botulism

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10
Q

Where is C. Botulism found?

A

Soil, plants growing on contaminated soil
Animals carcasses and rotting vegetation

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11
Q

Botulism

A

Neuropathic intoxication with flaccid paralysis
Seen in ruminants, horses, waterfowl’s, mink

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12
Q

Intoxication botulism

A

When toxins ingested:
Animals with pica (phosphorus-deficient lame) ingest animals bones
Invertebrate larvae ingests BoNT from animals carcasses then consumed by birds
Birds consume toxin bearing fish
Poultry litter fed to cows

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13
Q

Toxicoinfecfion botulism

A

Produced inside gut of infected animals
Organism multiples in the body and produces BoNT

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14
Q

C. Tetani and C. Botulinum pathogenesis

A

Neurotoxins inhibit NT release in the CNS and peripheral NS (respectively) by cleaving vesicle fusion proteins

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15
Q

Tetanus pathogenesis

A

Toxin produced at wound site
Ascending: toxin travels along motor nerves to CNS where it acts on spinal inhibitory inter neurons
Descending: toxin disseminated through circulation

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16
Q

Botulism pathogenesis

A

Toxin absorbed from stomach and and distributed via blood —> receptor- mediated endocytosis @ myoneural junction —> hydrolysis of docking proteins —> flaccid paralysis

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17
Q

Common names of botulism

A

Horses: equine grass sickness, forage poisoning
Birds: limberneck
Babies: floppy baby syndrome

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18
Q

Tetanus diagnosis

A

Gram stain smear
Culture from wound exudate in BA + antitoxin
PCR for TeNT gene

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19
Q

Tetanus treatment

A

Injection for antitoxin (passive)
Toxoid for active immunization. (TeNT + formalin/ heat)

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20
Q

Botulism diagnosis

A

Organism isolation from feed or tissue and culture on BA
PCR to amplify BoNT genes
ELISA for toxins/ ABs detection

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21
Q

Botulism treatment

A

Supportive
Injection of antitoxin
Prevention by toxoid vx

22
Q

Histotoxic clostridia

A

C. Septicum, chauvoei, novyi

23
Q

Histotoxic clostridia general features

A

From soil or endogenous source
Entry gained through trauma
Bacteria multiple locally, produce toxins, cause tissue damage and rapid death

24
Q

Commons features of all histotoxic clostridia species

A

Gas grangene and malignant edema

25
Q

__________ can occur after C. hemilyticum and C. Perfringens infections

A

Hemolysis

26
Q

C. Septicum

A

Obligate short rod anaerobe, motile
Leading cause of wound infections in farm animals
Malignant edema, gas gangrene and enteric infections

27
Q

Malignant edema/ gas gangrene of C. Septicum

A

Initially painful, warm lesions, crepitant and necrosis

28
Q

Enteric infection in sheep and cattle infected with C. Septicum

A

Causes braxy/ bradspot: hemorrhagic necrotic abomasitis from feeding on cold/ frozen feed
Dies in 36 hrs

29
Q

C. Chauvoei

A

Obligate rod, motile
Intestine of cattle, sheep, goats and in soil
Causative agent of Blackleg

30
Q

C. Chauvoei pathogenesis

A

Dormant muscle-resident spore activated by tissue damage (local anoxia by overexercise)

31
Q

C. Chauvoei CS

A

Lameness, crepitating emphysematous myositis, sudden death)

32
Q

C. novyi

A

Obligate rod, motile, large oval spore
Bacillary Hburia (red water) produced by bacteria colonizing the liver

33
Q

C. novyi disease

A

Gas gangrene: big head of young rams from fighting → edema and death (2 days
Black disease: infectious necrotic hepatitis of sheep and cattle (liver fluke migration)

34
Q

Enterotoxic clostridia

A

C. perfinigens and C. difficile

35
Q

C. perfinigens characteristics

A

Encapsulated, boxcar shaped, non motile, rod, spore forming anaerobe, CAMP +
Most abundant cause of clostridial disease in domestic animals (intestinal tract)

36
Q

C. perfringens lesions?

A

Gas gangrene or enterotoxemia in ruminants and diarrhea in other species

37
Q

What disease does C. perfringens cause?

A

Gastritis, hemolytic disease in ruminants
Hemorrhagic abomastitis in calves
Enterotoxemic jaundice (yellow lamb disease)
Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in cattle
Chicken necrotic enteritis

38
Q

Enterotoxemia

A

Overeating disease / Pulpy kidney
In sheep 3-10 weeks and up and in feedlots
From rapid autolysis in toxin- damaged tissue

39
Q

C. perfringens pathogenesis

A

Sudden change/ high concentrate diet (starchy) → upset GI flora balance/ indigestion —> rapid multiplication → epsilon toxin → toxemia with enteritis and CNS signs and sudden death

40
Q

C. difficile

A

Motile, encapsulated, spore forming
In intestinal tracts of normal humans and animals

41
Q

What does C. difficile cause?

A

Fatal diarrheal disease in humans and horses → pseudomembranous colitis
Enterocolitis and diarrhea

42
Q

C. difficile human illness

A

Older adults in hospitals or long-term care facilities after use of abx medications
Causes diarrhea linked to 14,000 US deaths/ year

43
Q

Non-spore forming gram - anaerobes

A

Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum

44
Q

D. nodosus

A

Non-motile seen with swollen ends (dumbell)

45
Q

F. necrophorum

A

Fusifrom shape with some beading
Causes calf and avian diptheria, liver abscess, bullnose in swine, equine thrush, necrobacillosis

46
Q

D. nodosus and F. necrophorum together

A

Cause footrot (interdigital dermatitis) of sheep and goats
F. is primary pathogen + D. = lesions → synergistic interaction

47
Q

Clinical footrot

A

Opportunistic pathogens (normal flora)
Causes lameness

48
Q

Clinical footrot pathogenesis

A

Non-sporulating anaerobes in GIT and environment → Extension of normal flora to compromised site —> inoculation with contaminated tool —> trauma, vasc. breakdown, bacterial infection

49
Q

Bacteroides

A

Non-spore forming, gram - anaerobes
Abscess, diarrhea and periodontal disease
Bacterial pleuropneumonia/ pleuritis in horses

50
Q

Obligate anaerobes diagnosis

A

Culture: time consuming, expensive
Sites with suppurative and necrotic process
No molecular O2 and refrigeration

1. Infection & Immunity (19 decks)

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