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Imunology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

state of protection from infectious diseases

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2
Q

What is vaccination?

A

administration of an attenuated (weakened) strain of a pathogen to provide immunity against a disease

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3
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

vaccinating as many individuals as possible to prevent the spread of disease to susceptible individuals

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4
Q

What does immunity involve?

A
  • hormonal immunity
  • cell-mediated immunity
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5
Q

What is hormonal immunity?

A

the immunity derived from body humors (fluid)

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6
Q

What causes hormonal immunity?

A

immunoglobulins

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7
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

antibodies

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8
Q

What are antibodies a product of?

A

B lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

passive and active

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10
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

transfer of immunity from one individual to another

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11
Q

Is passive immunity long term or short term? Why?

A

short term because it does not transfer cells

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12
Q

What is active immunity?

A

production of one’s own immunity

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13
Q

How is active immunity achieved?

A

by vaccination or contraction of disease

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14
Q

Is active immunity long term or short term?

A

long term

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15
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

immunity derived from T lymphocytes

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16
Q

What are T lymphocytes derived from?

A

the thymus

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17
Q

What are antigens?

A

any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T lymphocytes

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18
Q

What can antigens be?

A

pathogenic or non-pathogenic, self or non-self

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19
Q

What does pathogenic mean?

A

harmful to the body, causes disease

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20
Q

What are self antigens?

A

antigens within one’s own body

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21
Q

What should self antigens do?

A

they should not illicit an immune response

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22
Q

What are non-self antigens?

A

antigens that are not natural to one’s own body

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23
Q

What should non-self antigens do?

A

they will cause an immune response

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24
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

when a lymphocyte encounters the antigen it is specific for, the lymphocyte will rapidly divide to produce many clones of itself

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25
Q

What are pathogens?

A

organisms that cause disease

26
Q

What are examples of pathogens?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • parasites
27
Q

What does PAMPs stand for?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

28
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

common foreign structures that characterize groups of pathogens

29
Q

What does PRRs stand for?

A

pattern-recognition receptors

30
Q

What are PRRs?

A

recognize PAMPs

31
Q

Where are PRRs found?

A

white blood cells

32
Q

What is tolerance?

A

recognition of self-antigen and suppression of immune response

33
Q

What do lymphocytes develop when they are developing?

A

diversity

34
Q

How do lymphocytes have diversity?

A

each B and T lymphocyte will express many copies of a unique recognition receptor

35
Q

What are the two types of immune systems?

A

innate and adaptive

36
Q

When is the innate immune system fully developed?

A

at birth

37
Q

What does the innate immune system do?

A

prevents infection and quick elimination of pathogens

38
Q

What is the innate immune system composed of?

A

physical and chemical barriers

39
Q

What are the physical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

skin and mucus membrane

40
Q

What are the chemical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

mucus, saliva, sweat, tears, HCl

41
Q

What do PRRs do in the innate immune system?

A

initiate release agents that kill microorganisms and initiate phagocytosis

42
Q

What contributes to the innate immune system?

A

PRRs and complement

43
Q

What is complement?

A

serum proteins that help eliminate pathogens

44
Q

The innate immune response is _______

A

fast and nonspecific

45
Q

What is the adaptive immune system composed of?

A

Lymphocytes

46
Q

The adaptive immune response is _______

A

highly specific, so has a delayed response (5-6 days)

47
Q

What kind of response is the adaptive immune system?

A

learned response

48
Q

What does the adaptive immune response protect from?

A

protects upon subsequent exposure to same pathogen

49
Q

How do cells communicate?

A
  • cell to cell
  • chemical messengers
50
Q

How does cell to cell communication work?

A

cells close to each other

51
Q

What are chemical messengers called?

A

cytokines

52
Q

What is an example of a subset of cytokines?

A

chemokines

53
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

recruit specific cells to sites of infection

54
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

ability of immune system to respond more quickly and more efficiently upon secondary exposure to the same pathogen

55
Q

What is immunological memory a part of?

A

adaptive immune response

56
Q

What are the two responses of immunological memory?

A

primary and secondary response

57
Q

What is primary response?

A

the first encounter with a pathogen

58
Q

How does primary response occur?

A
  • lymphocytes are clonally selected and clear pathogen
  • majority of clonally selected cells become effector cells
  • small subset become memory cells
59
Q

What is secondary response?

A

subsequent exposure to same pathogen

60
Q

What does secondary response utilize?

A

memory cells

61
Q

What happens in secondary response?

A

cells respond immediately and clear pathogen before symptoms dvelop

62
Q

What is the foundation for vaccinations?

A

secondary response

Imunology (12 decks)

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