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Biology 2 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Why does a cell limit its size?

A

If it doesn’t, there will be:
1. Information overload
2. Trouble exchanging materials
3. Productivity

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2
Q

What happens when a cell divides?

A

It divides into 2 “daughter” cells

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3
Q

What problem does cell division solve?

A

It solves the problem of a cell growing too big

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4
Q

What is the result of cell division?

A

An increase in the ratio of surface area to volume for each daughter cell, which allows for efficiency.

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5
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. Simple and efficient
  2. Makes populations grow quickly
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6
Q

What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

The cells are genetically identical

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7
Q

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

The daughter cells are genetically unique

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8
Q

What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A

Process takes longer and populations don’t grow as quickly

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9
Q

What is the role of chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes hold the DNA of a cell and this ensures that each daughter cell gets the same amount during cell division.

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10
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell and its nucleus

A

Prokaryotes lack nuclei and many of the organelles that are found in eukaryotes. Their DNA molecules are located in the cytoplasm with most of the other stuff. Most prokaryotes have only 1 single, circular DNA chromosome strand.

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11
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cell and its DNA

A

They generally have much more DNA than prokaryotes have, thus containing more chromosomes.

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12
Q

What is a histone? What does it do (eukaryotic cell)?

A

A histone is a protein. The DNA coils around histones and together, they form beadlike structures called nucleosomes.

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13
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A bead like structure formed when DNA coils around histones.

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14
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The process of cell division in asexual reproduction that prokaryotic cells go through.

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15
Q

What is the result of binary fission?

A

The production of 2 genetically identical cells.

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16
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells?

A

G1, S, G2, M

17
Q

What is interphase? What does it include?

A

Interphase is the “in between” period for cell growth between divisions. It includes phases G1, S, and G2.

18
Q

Describe the G1 phase

A

In this phase, most of the cell growth is done. Cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles

19
Q

Describe the S phase

A

In this phase, new DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes are replicated. The cell at the end of S phase contains twice as much DNA as it did in the beginning.

20
Q

What are the phases of the eukaryotic cycle in order?

A

G1
S
G2
M

21
Q

Describe the G2 phase

A

In this phase, the cell prepares for division. Many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.

22
Q

Describe the M phase

A

This phase produces 2 daughter cells.

23
Q

What does the “S” in S phase stand for?

A

Synthesis

24
Q

What does the “M” in M phase stand for?

A

mitosis

25
Q

What are the 2 phases in which cell division occurs in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitosis and cytokenesis

26
Q

What are the 4 phases of mitosis? (in order)

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
27
Q

Describe prophase

A
  • Longest phase; the genetic material inside the nucleus gets condensed and the duplicated chromosomes become visible. - Outside the nucleus, a spindle starts to form.
  • The centrioles start to move towards opposite ends of the cell.
  • The nuclear envelope also breaks down.
28
Q

Describe metaphase

A
  • Shortest phase; the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
  • Spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the 2 poles of the spindle.
29
Q

Describe anaphase

A
  • This phase begins when sister chromatids suddenly separate and begin to move apart. Each sister chromatid is now considered an individual chromosome.
  • The chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.
30
Q

Describe telophase

A
  • The chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin.
  • Nuclear envelope reforms around each cluster of chromosomes.
  • The spindle begins to break apart, the 2 nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.
31
Q

What phase comes after mitosis?

A

cytokenesis

32
Q

What happens during cytokensis?

A

Cytokenesis completes the process of cell division - it splits the cell into 2.

33
Q

True or false: Telophase and cytokenesis usually occur at the same time

A

true

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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