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Biology 2 > Digestion and excretory system (not finished) > Flashcards

Digestion and excretory system (not finished) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four levels of organization in the body?

A

Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of cells that perform a single function

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3
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue

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4
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

The issue that lines the interior and exterior of body surfaces (ex: skin, stomach)

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5
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

A type of tissue that provides support for the body and connects its parts. This includes fat cells, bone cells, and blood cells.

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6
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Nerve impulses are transmitted throughout the body by the tissue. Neurons the cells that carry these impulses.

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7
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Movements of the body are possible because of this tissue.

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8
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a single function

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9
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that perform closely related functions. Interact to maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in internal and external environments

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11
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

The process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

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12
Q

What is another name for feedback inhibition?

A

negative feedback

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13
Q

List the digestive system parts in order

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum then anus. (+liver and pancreas)

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14
Q

Describe the chemical and mechanical food processing in the mouth.

A

Chemical: saliva (enzyme amylase) breaks down the food into molecules
Mechanical: Teeth turn the food mushy and stuff (gross)

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15
Q

What is a bolus and when does it form?

A

A bolus is the result of chewed food; it forms in the mouth after chemical and mechanical digestion

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16
Q

Describes what happens in the esophagus (vocab: epiglottis, trachea, bolus, peristalsis, cardiac sphincter)

A

As the bolus starts going through the esophagus, the epiglottis loses over the trachea (pathway to lungs) so that you don’t choke. Peristalsis (contractions of smooth muscles) moves bolus down to stomach. The cardiac sphincter stops food from going back up when it gets into the stomach.

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17
Q

Describe what happens in the stomach (vocab: chemical/mechanical digestion, PH/hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus, chyme, cardiac sphincter)

A

Chemical digestion: As the bolus goes into the stomach, mucus and hydrochloric acid get released by cells. Mucus protects the stomach lining destroyed, while the hydrochloric acid lowers the PH of the stomach to 1. The combination of HCl and pepsinogen creates pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down food into peptides.
Mechanical digestion: the stomach muscles move around and thus digest the food. They do this by alternating muscle contractions. The end result of this is a substance called chyme. As chyme moves to small intestine, cardiac sphincter (another one) prevents low PH from coming into the small intestine or the chyme from going back up.

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18
Q

What substance lowers the PH in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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19
Q

What substance protects the stomach from hydrochloric acid?

A

mucus

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20
Q

What can occur if someone’s cardiac sphincter doesn’t work properly (food goes back up)?

A

acid reflex/heart burn

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21
Q

Where does the act of digestion actually take place?

A

in the small intestine

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22
Q

Describe what happens in the small intestine (vocab: chemical digestion, villi/christae, chyme).

A

Chyme enters and nutrients are absorbed by villi. The end chyme goes to the large intestine

23
Q

Describe what happens in the large intestine (vocab: chyme, water and minerals, feces)

A

Chyme is processed. Water and any remaining minerals are absorbed, and the remaining stuff forms feces

24
Q

Where do feces go after they are formed in the large intestine?

A

To the rectum

25
Q

What does the rectum do

A

Stores undigested waste

25
Q

What kind of organs are the liver and pancreas?

A

accessory

25
Q

Why are the liver and pancreas called accessory organs?

A

Because food doesn’t actually go through them

25
Q

What important substance does the liver produce?

A

Bile

26
Q

What is the role of the accessory organs in relation to enymes?

A

The liver and pancreas both deliver enzymes to the chyme as it passes through to help break it down

27
Q

What is bile?

A

A detergent like substance that breaks up fat and disperses it

28
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

In the galbladder

29
Q

List the different enzymes the pancreas produces as well as what they break down

A

Lypase: enzymes
Tripson: protein
Amylase: starch

30
Q

What substance brings the PH back to normal in the stomach? Where is this produced?

A

Sodium bicarbonate; produced by the pancreas

31
Q

What are the four phases of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

32
Q

Define ingestion

A

Getting the food into the system (duh)

33
Q

Define digestion

A

Food passe through the digestive system and is broken down chemically and mechanically

34
Q

What happens to the molecules that get absorbed in the small intestine?

A

the nutrients go around the body with the help of the circulatory system

35
Q

What enzyme in saliva fights infection?

A

Lysozome

36
Q

What is the name of the first part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

37
Q

When is bile used?

A

Bile is used when there is fat present in the duodenum (1st part of the small intestine); its released by the gallbladder and used to break up chunks of fat (this is disgusting lmao)

38
Q

Whats another name for the large intestine?

A

colon

39
Q

From where is waste eliminated from the body

A

Anus

40
Q

Define excretion

A

The process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body

41
Q

What are the different parts of the excretory system?

A

The skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys

42
Q

How does the skin, lungs, and liver excrete waste?

A

Skin - excretes water, salt, and small amounts of urea
Lungs - excrete co2 and small amounts of water vapor
Liver - converts toxic ammonia to less toxic urea (then transported to kidneys for elimination

43
Q

What is the other important role of kidneys? (blood)

A

Blood filtration

44
Q

What are the 3 phases of filtration in the kidneys?

A

Filtration, absorption, and excretion

45
Q

Where does filtration of the blood take place?

A

in the glomerulus (bowman’s capsule)

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Blood cells pass into the kidney

A

False - blood cells are too big to pass into the kidney

47
Q

What is the liquid part of the blood that is filtered called?

A

Filtrate, aka plasma

48
Q

Where in the kidneys is blood filtered?

A

Nephrons

49
Q

Where does the filtrate go through when reabsorbing materials?

A

First the Proximal Convoluted Tube, then the Loop of Henle; the materials that the blood needs are reabsorbed back into the blood at this point

50
Q

Where does the waste from the filtration process go through during excretion?

A

Distal Convoluted Tube (last chance to get the good stuff out), then the collecting duct and eventually ureters

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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