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Biology 2 > Skeletal system and stuff (last unit) > Flashcards

Skeletal system and stuff (last unit) Flashcards

1
Q

What are endoskeletons?

A

Skeletons inside the body

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2
Q

What are exoskeletons?

A

Skeletons outside the body

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3
Q

T or F: Bones are tissue

A

true; they are the hardest tissue in the body

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4
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A
  1. Support body
  2. Protect soft organs
  3. Produce blood cells
  4. Store minerals
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5
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A substance found at the end of all bones (joints)

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6
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

acts as a shock absorber

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7
Q

What holds bones together?

A

ligaments

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8
Q

How are muscles attached to bones?

A

They are attached with tendons

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9
Q

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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10
Q

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

A
  • Skull
  • Ribs
  • Spine
  • Sternum
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11
Q

What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Arms and legs
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
  • Pelvis
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12
Q

What is bone surface covered in (membrane)?

A

Covered in the membrane periosteum

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13
Q

What is located under periosteum

A

compact bone

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14
Q

What’s the function of compact bone

A

enables shaft to endure stress

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15
Q

What is inside compact bone

A

sponge bone - a network of connective tissue creating laticework to withstand stress

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16
Q

What does yellow bone marrow consist of

A

fat cells

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17
Q

T or F: Yellow bone marrow is for making blood cells

A

False. It’s an emergency reserve

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18
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow

A

Produces red blood cells and some white blood cells

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19
Q

What is ossification?

A

Cartilage turns to bone by process of asteocytes developing and releasing minerals in spaces between cartilage cells.

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20
Q

Describe the process of bone elongation

A

Near ends of long bones is the epiphyseal plate, which is composed of cartilage cells. It forms long columns and pushes older cells toward the middle of the bone. This causes the bone and person to grow in size

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21
Q

Describe the types of joints and their function

A
  • Fixed joints: prevent movement (skull)
  • Semimovable joints: permit limited movement (rib cage)
  • Movable joints (separate question for these)
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22
Q

Describe the types of movable joints

A
  • Hinge (elbow - back and forth only)
  • Ball and Socket (shoulder - circles)
  • Pivot joint (2 top vertebrae - wrist)
  • Saddle joint (thumb - rotate and grab)
  • Gliding (foot bones - foot flex)
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23
Q

What is synovial fluid and what is it a part of?

A

Synovial fluid helps protect ends of bones from damage by friction.Located in joints

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24
Q

Define axial skeleton

A

Supports the central axis of the body

25
Q

Define appendicular skeleton

A

Contains bones of arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder area

26
Q

How do bones aid in movement

A

Bones provide a system of levers on which muscles act to produce movement

27
Q

Describe the haversian canal

A

Contain blood vessels and nerves. Located in bone.

28
Q

What lines haversian canals?

A

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts

29
Q

Describe the structure of bones (detailed

A
  • Surrounded by tough layer of connective tissue called periosteum
  • Beneath periosteum is a thick layer of compact bone (this is where the haversian canals will be)
  • Spongy tissue found underneath compact bone; very strong. Structurally organized to add strength
  • Within many bones are bone marrow (can be yellow or red bone marrow)
30
Q

Does cartilage contain blood vessels?

A

no

31
Q

What is ossification (definition)

A

the process of cartilage gradually being replaced by bone

32
Q

How does bone tissue form

A

When osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage in developing bones

33
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Help to maintain the minerals in bone tissue and continue to strengthen the growing bone

34
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Remodell bones throughout life

35
Q

T or F: Bone remodeling needs to be continuous, or else the bones will become brittle and weak

A

True

36
Q

Whats another name for fixed joints

A

Immovable joints

37
Q

What are the types of muscle

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
38
Q

Describe skeletal muscle (5)

A
  1. Voluntary movement
  2. Multinucleate
  3. Made up of muscle fibers
  4. Contains striations
  5. Grouped into bundles called fascicles
39
Q

What are bundles of skeletal muscle called

A

fascicles

40
Q

Describe smooth muscle (3)

A
  1. Involuntary muscle
  2. Spindle shaped, single nucleus, interlace
  3. Lines hollow organs
41
Q

Describe cardiac muscle (3)

A
  1. Walls of heart
  2. Involuntary, single nucleus
  3. Striated
42
Q

What is muscle made up of? Structure

A

Made up of mostly myosin and actin. Actin and myson are arranged into structures called sacromeres (z lined stuff)

43
Q

What is myosin

A

molecules bundled together to form thick fibers (part of muscle structure)

44
Q

What does actin do

A

forms long, thin chains in muscles

45
Q

What do lined up sacromeres form

A

they line up to form a thread-like structure called myofibril

46
Q

Describe a muscle contraction

A

After nerve impulse stimulates a muscle to contract, heads at the end of myosin filaments attach to points between beads of actin filaments. Myosin heads pull actin filaments continuously shortening the length of the sarcomere. This causes a contraction.

47
Q

Muscle makes up ___ of your body weight

A

1/3

48
Q

What is the muscle system’s job

A

to move ur body

49
Q

What muscle tissue is attached to bones

A

skeletal muscle tissue

50
Q

WHat muscle tissue lines organs

A

smooth muscle

51
Q

What muscle tissue is found only in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

52
Q

What are skeletal muscle cells full of

A

They are full of tightly packed filament bundles called myofibrils

53
Q

What is a neuromuscular synapse

A

The place where a motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell meet

54
Q

What are tendons

A

Tough connective tissues that join skeletal muscles and bones

55
Q

What is a fulerim

A

The fixed point around which the lever moves (aka joint function)

56
Q

t or f: muscles work in opposing pairs

A

true

57
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle fibers

A

red and white

58
Q

Describe red muscle fiber

A

slow and thick; lots of blood vessels for supply delivery make it red; useful for endurance activities

59
Q

Describe white muscle fiber

A

fast, twitch muscle; contracts more rapidly and generates more force; useful for great strength or speed activities

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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