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biology 2 > Translation and Transcription (Quiz 3?) > Flashcards

Translation and Transcription (Quiz 3?) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Where does DNA replication take place?

A

nucleus

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2
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

A

to make more DNA for cell division

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3
Q

What are the key players of DNA replication?

A

enzymes

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4
Q

What 4 enzymes are important in DNA replication? What do they do?

A
  1. DNA polymerase - replicates DNA molecules
  2. Helicase - the unzipping enzyme
  3. Primase - makes the “primer” so that DNA polymerase knows where to start
  4. Ligase - gluer
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5
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication in order

A
  1. DNA replication starts at the ‘origin’ - usually this part is identified by certain DNA sequences
  2. At the origin, helicase comes in and unzipes DNA. It does this by breaking the hydrogen bonds between opposite DNA strand bases.
  3. Since you don’t want these strands to come back together, SSB proteins bind to the DNA strands to keep them separated.
  4. Primase comes in and makes primers on both strands (THIS IS IMPORTANT)
  5. DNA polymerase comes in and builds “leading strand” and “lagging strand”
  6. DNA polymerase has a proofreading system that helps it prevent making lots of errors.
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6
Q

Where does DNA replication start? (not nucleus - more specific)

A

it starts at the origin

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7
Q

How does helicase unzip the DNA?

A

By breaking the hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

How does the primer help DNA replication?

A

It shows the DNA polymerase where to start building

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8
Q

Which protein replicates DNA molecules

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

Which enzyme is the unzipping one

A

helicase

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10
Q

which enzyme tells DNA polymerase where to start?

A

primase

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11
Q

Which enzyme glues the DNA strands together?

A

ligase

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12
Q

What prevents the DNA strands from coming back together in the middle of DNA replication

A

SSB proteins

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13
Q

What does DNA polymerase build (more specific than DNA molecules)

A

It builds the “lagging” and “leading” strands

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14
Q

What is the difference between the lagging and leading strands?

A

The leading strand is being made in a direction where the primer only has to be placed once. The lagging strand, however, is being built in a direction so that the primer keeps having to be placed to catch up with the unzipping.

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15
Q

What forms as a result of the process of replication in the lagging strand?

A

okazaki fragments

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16
Q

what are okazaki fragments?

A

short sections of DNA formed at the time of discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during replication of DNA

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17
Q

what proofreads during DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase has a proofreading system

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18
Q

What does base pairing allow?

A

It allows for each strand to serve as a TEMPLATE for a new strand

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19
Q

What is the contents of the new strand made up of?

A

new strand is 1/2 parent template and 1/2 new DNA!

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20
Q

New DNA strands are made up of new strand is 1/2 parent template and 1/2 new DNA. What is this called?

A

semiconservative process (save some and copy the rest in the process)

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: “Bubbles” form in the areas of DNA replication during the DNA replication process

A

True :)

22
Q

What is “added” during DNA rep?

A

bases

23
Q

What is the rule for adding bases in DNA rep?

A

they can only be added to the 3 prime end of a growing DNA strand

24
Q

What is RNA?

A

A nucleic acid (like DNA) that consists of a long chain of nucleotides.

25
Q

What are some differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA:
- sugar is deoxyribose
- double stranded
- has thymine
- long lived
- entire genome
- stays in the nucleus
RNA:
- sugar is ribose
- single stranded
- contains uracil instead of thymine
- only has one gene
- leaves nucleus through nuclear pore

26
Q

Which has ALL the genetic info - DNA or RNA?

A

DNA; RNA only has half

27
Q

Why is RNA often used instead of DNA to make stuff?

A

DNA has all the genetic info, so it’s too valuable

28
Q

What are the 3 types/functions of RNA?

A
  1. mRNA - messenger RNA
  2. rRNA - ribosomal RNA
  3. tRNA - transfer RNA
29
Q

Describe mRNA

A

Most genes contain instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. The RNA molecules that carry copies of these instructions are called mRNA.

30
Q

Describe tRNA

A

When a protein is built, a 3rd type of RNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as specified by the coded messages in mRNA. These molecules are known as tRNA.

31
Q

Describe rRNA

A

Proteins are assembled on ribosomes, small organelles composed of 2 subunits. These subunits are made up of several rRNA molecules and many proteins.

32
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary DNA strands

33
Q

Describe what ‘central dogma’ means.

A

Cells have DNA which codes all their genetic info. Code will give recipe for one specific protein.

34
Q

Where does transcription happen?

A

nucleus

35
Q

What is transcription? Explain and describe

A

Helicase separates DNA, and DNA is transcribed to RNA. Not all of DNA is transcribed! Only the genes needed to make proteins!

36
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm

37
Q

What does tRNA do during translation?

A

It carries the specific amino acids

38
Q

What does a codon code for?

A

Amino acid

39
Q

Describe the process of translation (u got this bro lol)

A

mRNA comes into ribosome. rRNA is already there (it is in ribosome always). mRNA slowly moves through the ribosome, stopping at the stop stations, where its letter are read in pairs of 3 (codons). Once the codons are read, tRNA comes in with the corresponding anti-codon, and briefly attaches to the mRNA bases (bases connect on mRNA and tRNA). rRNA then makes a peptide bond between the amino acids on the ends of the tRNA. Once a bond is made, the tRNA removes itself one by one and floats away. Once mRNA is read it moves out of the ribosome.

40
Q

What is the start codon?

A

methionine

41
Q

How does the ‘body’ ( i guess idk) know where to start with translation on the mRNA?

A

the TATA box!

42
Q

What happens if the amino acids aren’t done right?

A

the protein can’t do its job

43
Q

Before mRNA leaves the nucleus, it must be _____

A

edited and packaged

44
Q

What happens during the editing and packaging part of the process?

A

cells can decide to remove some pieces of information out.

45
Q

Introns get _______
Extrons get _________

A

Introns get taken out, extrons stay in

46
Q

What happens if different RNA strands remove different introns?

A

the proteins they produce will be different

47
Q

What is placed on the ends of RNA before it leaves the cell?

A

protective caps

48
Q

what do RNA’s protective caps do?

A

they:
1. protext mRNA
2. prevent degradation of enzymes
3. assist in translation

49
Q

What happens if introns aren’t removed?

A

It’ll be hard for the enzyme to show the active part cuz its too much stuff and info

50
Q

How do anticodons function?

A

attach to specific codon; allows them to get in a specefic order that will code

51
Q

are anticodons figured out from DNA or mRNA?

A

mRNA

52
Q

What did George Beadle and Edward Tatum do?

A

They were able to establish the
link between genes and enzymes in their exploration of
the metabolism of a bread mold. Their results provided strong evidence for the one gene -
one enzyme hypothesis.

53
Q

What developed from the “one gene - one enzyme hypothesis”

A

the “one gene - one polypeptide” hypothesis

biology 2 (10 decks)

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