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BI158 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of plants (4)

A

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Have cell walls made of cellulose

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2
Q

what traits do charophytes (green algae) share with plants? (4)

A

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins

Structure of flagellated sperm

Formation of a phragmoplast

closest living relatives

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3
Q

Where are cellulose-synthesizing proteins found, and what kind do noncharophyte algae have?

A

Found in the plasma membrane

Noncharophyte algae have linear sets

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4
Q

What is phragmoplast, and what does it give rise to?

A

Microtubules forming between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell

Cell plate develops in the middle of the phragmoplast, giving rise to a cross-wall

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5
Q

Why must charophytes adapt in shallow water?

A

they are subject to occasional drying

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6
Q

How did charophytes adapt to shallow water?

A

developed sporopollenin

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7
Q

What is sporopollenin, and where is it found?

A

a durable polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

found in the casing of plant spores

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8
Q

What did the development of sporopollenin lead to?

A

enabled the first land plant to live above the waterline

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9
Q

What are the benefits for plants to live on land? (3)

A

Bright sunlight that is unfiltered by water and plankton

More plentiful CO2

access to Nutrient-rich soil

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages for plants living on land? (2)

A

Scarcity of water

Lack of structural support against gravity

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11
Q

What are derived traits of plants? (5)

A

Alternation of generations

Multicellular, dependent embryos

Walled spores produced in sporangia

Multicellular gametangia

Apical meristems

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12
Q

What is alternation of generation? (2)

A

The life cycle of land plants

Alternates between gametophytes and sporophytes

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13
Q

What are gametophytes, and what do they produce?

A

multicellular haploid

Produces haploid gametes- eggs and sperm- through mitosis

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14
Q

What are sporophytes, and what do they produce?

A

diploid zygotes undergoing mitotic division

Undergoes meiosis to produce spores that develop into haploid organisms

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15
Q

Where do plant embryos develop, and why?

A

in the tissues of the female

Tissue protects them from the environment and provides nutrition

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16
Q

What are placental transfer cells?

A

cells that enhance the transfer of nutrients to the embryo through ingrowths of the wall

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17
Q

What are embryophytes?

A

land plants that have embryos

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18
Q

What is sporangia?

A

organs found in sporophytes that produce spores

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19
Q

What are sporocytes, what do they possess, and why?

A

diploid cells in the sporangia that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores

Possesses sporopollenin to prevent drying out

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20
Q

What are gametangia?

A

multicellular gamete producing organs

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21
Q

What is archegonia?

A

pear-shaped organ producing a single nonmotile egg in females

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22
Q

Where does the egg stay in the achegonia?

A

bulbous part of the organ

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23
Q

What is antheridia?

A

male gametangia, producing sperm and releasing them in the environment

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24
Q

What is the apical meristem, and what does it do? (4)

A

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

Helps sustain root growth

Differentiate into the outer epidermis for protection

Can generate leaves

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25
Q

What are some derived traits of plants? (3)

A

Possession of a cuticle

possession of stomata

symbiosis with fungi

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26
Q

what is a cuticle, what is it made of, and what 3 things does it do?

A

a covering of the epidermis

Made of wax and polymer

Prevents desiccation/ drying out

Waterproof, prevents water loss

Protects from microbial attack

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27
Q

What is stomata, and what does it do?

A

pores that support photosynthesis by exchanging CO2 and O2

Avenues for water evaporation

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28
Q

What kind of fungi do plants engage in symbiosis with, and what 2 things does it do for plants?

A

Mycorrhizae

Allowed early plants with no leaves or stems to survive

Fungi formed networks in the soil and provided nutrients to plants

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29
Q

What did the appearance of spores do to microscopic fossils?

A

drastically changed early land plants

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30
Q

How do land plants differ from algae and fungi?

A

different chemical composition of spores

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31
Q

What is vascular tissue, and what are plants with these tissues called?

A

tubes that transport water and nutrients

Those with this are vascular plants

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32
Q

What are lycophytes, and what do they include?

A

subclade of vascular plants

Club mosses

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33
Q

What are monilophytes, and what does it include?

A

subclade of vascular plants

ferns

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34
Q

How are lycophytes and monilophytes similar, and what are they collectively called?

A

both lack seeds

seedless vascular plants

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35
Q

What are seed plants?

A

subclade of vascular plants

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36
Q

what is a seed, and what is it divided into?

A

embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

gymnosperm and angiosperm

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37
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

seeds not enclosed in chambers

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38
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

consists of flowering plants, seeds develop in chambers that originate within flowers

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39
Q

What are bryophytes? (2)

A

nonvascular plants

Are not a clade

40
Q

What is a grade? (2)

A

organisms that share key biological features that are not monophyletic

Do not share the same ancestry

41
Q

What are the three phylums of bryophytes, and when did they diverge?

A

Liverworts

Mosses

Hornworts

All diverged earliest from land plants

42
Q

What characteristics do bryophyte gametophytes possess? (2)

A

Haploid gametophytes are the dominant stage of the life cycle

Larger and longer-living than sporophytes

43
Q

What do bryophyte spores germinate into?

A

gametophyte

44
Q

What is protonema, and what two things do they do?

A

a mass of green, branched, filaments from germinating moss spores

Absorbs water and minerals

Produces buds in favorable conditions

45
Q

What do buds possess?

A

an apical meristem that produces gametophore

46
Q

what is a gametophore, and what does it make up?

A

Gamete-producing structure

This makes up the gametophyte

47
Q

What do bryophytes form?

A

Form ground-hugging carpets

48
Q

what are bryophytes ground-hugging? (2)

A

The body is too thin to support a tall plant

The absence of vascular tissue doesn’t allow long-distance transport of nutrients

49
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

long, tubular cells that anchor gametophytes

50
Q

what is gametangia?

A

organs producing gametes

51
Q

How do gametes fuse in bryophytes?

A

Sperm requires water to reach eggs

52
Q

what are brood bodies, and how do they grow?

A

mosses that reproduce asexually

Small plantlets detach and grow into identical copies of the parent

53
Q

What phylum are liverworts, and what is a characteristic?

A

Phylum Hepatophyta

Refers to liver-shaped gametophytes

54
Q

What phylum are hornworts, and what two characteristics do they possess?

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Refers to the long, tapered shape of sporophyte

Lack seta and consists only of a sporangium

55
Q

What phylum do mosses belong to?

A

Bryophyta

56
Q

What do bryophyte sporophytes contain, where are they found, how large are they, and what do they consist of?

A

Contains plastids

Remains attached to parent gametophyte

Smallest in all plant species

Consists of a foot, seta, and sporangium

57
Q

What is a foot?

A

found in the archegonium, absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

58
Q

What is a seta?

A

stalk, conducting materials to the sporangium

59
Q

What is a capsule?

A

sporangium that produces spores by meiosis

60
Q

What is a peristome?

A

upper part of the capsule with interlocking teeth that open and close

61
Q

What do hornworts possess?

A

cuticles

62
Q

what do mossess and hornworts possess?

A

stomata

63
Q

why are mosses important? (4)

A

Help retain nitrogen in the soil

Can survive in extreme environments

Can absorb damaging levels of UV radiation

Peat- decaying deposits of organic material

64
Q

What is peat made of. what is it used for, and what does it do?

A

Mosses are major components

Used for fuel

Stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentration

65
Q

What do vascular plants possess? (4)

A

Possess branched sporophytes not dependent on gametophytes

vascular tissue s called xylem and phloem

Well-developed roots and leaves

Possesses sporophylls, spore-bearing leaves

66
Q

Why is branching important in vascular plants?

A

enabled bodies to become more complex and have multiple sporangia

67
Q

Why did early vascular plants lack?

A

roots

68
Q

what form dominates vascular plant’s life cycle? (2)

A

sporophytes are dominant

sporophytes are larger and more complex

69
Q

what is a xylem, and what strengthens them?

A

conducts water and minerals

lignin

70
Q

What are tracheids?

A

tube-shaped cells carrying water and minerals up from the roots

71
Q

what is phloem?

A

distributes sugars, amino acids, and organic products

72
Q

What helps plants grow tall, and why is it important to be tall?

A

lignified tissue

Being tall enables competition for sunlight and better dispersal of spores

73
Q

What are roots, what do they do, and what do they resemble?

A

organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Anchors plants

Resembles stem tissue of early vascular plants

74
Q

How did roots evolve? (2)

A

May have evolved from belowground portions of stems

Convergent evolution between different vascular lineages

75
Q

What are leaves, what does it do, and what are the classified as?

A

increase the surface area of plant bodies

Primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

Classified as either microphylls or megaphylls

76
Q

what are microphylls, and what phylum possesses them?

A

small spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue

lycophytes

77
Q

What are megaphylls, and when did they emerge?

A

leaves with highly branched vascular system

Emerged after microphylls

78
Q

what are sporophylls, and how do they vary?

A

modified leaves that bear sporangia

Vary in structure

79
Q

What is sori?

A

clusters of sporangia found in ferns

80
Q

What is strobili?

A

cone-like structures of sporophylls in lycophytes

81
Q

What is homosporous?

A

one type of sporangium producing one type of sperm

82
Q

what do homosporous spores develop into, and where are they found?

A

Develops into a bisexual gametophyte

Found in most seedless vascular plants

83
Q

what does heterosporous mean?

A

species with two types of sporangia producing two types of spores

84
Q

what are megaspores, and what produces them?

A

spores developing into female gametophytes

Produced by megasporangia on megasporophylls

85
Q

What are microspores?

A

spores developing into male gametophytes

86
Q

What is the most ancient group of vascular plants?

A

Phylum Lycophyta

87
Q

what phylum do lycophytes belong to, and where are they found?

A

Phylum Lycophyta

some grow on the forest floor

others live below ground, nurtured by fungus

88
Q

What does Phylum lycophyta include?

A

small plants and giant trees

giant trees went extinct

89
Q

What are epiphytes?

A

plants that use other plants as a substrate

90
Q

what kind of sporophytes do lycophytes possess? (2)

A

Sporophytes have upright stems with small leaves

Possesses ground-hugging stems acting like roots

91
Q

What do ferns possess, where do they live, how common are they, and what are the closely related to?

A

possess megaphylls

temperate forests

Most widespread seedless vascular plants

seed plants

92
Q

what kind of spores do ferns have, and what do their sporophytes give rise to?

A

homosporous

fronds from their horizontal stems

93
Q

what kind of spores do horsetail have, what do they rise to, and what do they possess?

A

Homosporous

Gives rise to bisexual gametophytes

Jointed stems

94
Q

What kind of stems do ferns have, what grows from the stem, what do they lack, and what kind of spores do they have?

A

dichromously branching stems

scalelike outgrowth

no roots

homosporous

95
Q

what did ancient large lycophytes do to the environment? (3)

A

drops of CO2 in early forests

Caused global cooling

Stored CO2 in marine rocks

96
Q

what did ancient lycophytes develop into? (2)

A

Became coal, removing CO2 from the atmosphere

Formed peat

BI158 (16 decks)

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