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BI158 > Chapter 34.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 34.2 Flashcards

1
Q

WHat are amniotes, and what did they acquire?

A

group of tetrapods whose extant members are reptiles and mammales

Acquired adaptation to live on land

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2
Q

What are three derived charcters of aminotes

A

amniotic egg

shell that slowly dehydrates

rig cage to ventilate lungs more efficient than throats ventilation in amphibians

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3
Q

What does the amniotic egg consist of?

A

Four specialized membranes- amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

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4
Q

Where is the membranes of the amniotic egg found, what does it develop from?

A

extraembryonic membranes- not part of the embryo itself

Develop from tissue layers and grow out from the embryo

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5
Q

What does the amnion do (2), and what what do the other membranes do

A

Amnion- encloses fluid that bathes the embryo

Acts as a hydraulic shock absorber

Other membranes act for gas exchange, nutrient storage, and waste storage

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6
Q

Why is the amniotic egg important (2)

A

Key trait for terrestrial life

Reduced dependency for an aqueous environment for reproduction

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7
Q

when did the amniotic egg evolve, how do we know this, and when did it exist

A

Don’t know when it evolved

no amniotic egg is found

Existed in last common ancestor of living amniotes

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8
Q

Where did early amniotes live, what do they resemble, and what did they eat?

A

Lived in warm, most environment

Expanded to new environment

Resembled small lizards with sharp teeth

Predators and herbivores

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9
Q

What do reptiles include, and 3 shared derived traits?

A

Tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds

Scales containing keratin - Protects skin from desiccation and abrasion

Lay shelled eggs on land

Internal fertiization

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10
Q

What does ectothermic mean (2), and what does it allow?

A

do not use metabolism to control body temeperature

absorbs external heat as main source of body heat

Allows them to require less energy from food

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11
Q

Are birds cold or warm-blooded

A

warm

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12
Q

What did early reptiles resemble?

A

lizards

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13
Q

What are parareptiles, what did they look like, how did they defend theirself, and when did they die?

A

first group to emerge as reptiles diverged from the early reptile

Large, stocky, quadrupedal herbivores

Had plates on slin for defense

Died at the end of triassic period

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14
Q

What are diapsids, what is unique about their skull (2), and what two lineages are they composed of?

A

diversified as parareptiles began dying out

Pair of holes on each side of skull behind eye socket

Muscles pas through these holes and attach to the jaw

Compsoed of two lineages- lepidosaurs and archosaurs

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15
Q

WHat do lepidosaurs include?

A

tautaras, lizards, and snakes, and extinct aquatic reptiles

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16
Q

What do archosaurs include?

A

crocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

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17
Q

What are pterosaurs, wing structure (3), size, and ecological role

A

first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight

Wings differed from birds and bats

Collagen-strengthened membrane that stretched between trunk or hind leg

Long digit on foreleg

Ranged from a sparrow size to 11 meters

Played ecological roles of current birds

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18
Q

How did dinosaurs live (2), how did they move, and when did they die out?

A

Social, traveling in groups

Built nests and brooded eggs

Became extinct by the end of Cretaceous period

Considered slow and sluggish, but most were agile and fast- Limb structure enabled efficient movement

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19
Q

What is the phylogenetic position of turtles? (3)

A

Uncertain phylogenetic position

May be a sister groupt o parareptiles

May be sister groups to lepidosaurs or archosaurs

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20
Q

What do turtles possess (3)

A

Have boxlike shell made of upper and lower shields fused to the vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs

Have a hard shell for defense

Full shell acquired in stages

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21
Q

What did early turtles possess (2)

A

Incomplete shells

Could not retract head into shell

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22
Q

How do side-necked and vertical-necked turtles differ?

A

Side-necked turtles- fold neck horizontally

Vertical-necked turles- fold neck vertically

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23
Q

What environment do turtles enhabit, and how do marine ones differ?

A

Adapted to live in different habitats

Sea turtles have reduced shells and enlarged forelimbs

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24
Q

WHat are the two lineages of lepidosaurs?

A

Tuatara

Squamates- lizards and snakes

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25
Q

What do tuataras feed on, and their environmental status

A

Feed on insects, lizards, and small bird eggs

Endangered, rat ate its eggs

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26
Q

What did snakes descend from, what did they retain through evolution, and how do they move (2)?

A

descend from lizards with leggs

Some retain vestigial pelvic and limb bones

Moves using waves of lateral bending

Can also move by gripping ground with belly scales

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27
Q

What snakes eat, how do they sense (5), where is venom found, and how do they eat large prey?

A

Carnivores

Acute chemical sensors

Lack eardrums

Sensitive to ground bibration

Can possess heat-detection organs

Flicking tongue allows odors to fan towards smell organs

Venom found in hollow or grooved teeth

Loose jaw and elastic skin enables them to eat large prey

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28
Q

When were ancestors of crocodiles found, what did they look like, how did they evolve, and how do they breath?

A

Early ancestor was in the late triassic

Smallt errestrial quadrupeds with long, slender legs

Became larger and adapted to aquatic habitats

Breath using upturned nostrils

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29
Q

Where are crocodiles now found?

A

Currently confined to warm regions

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30
Q

What are birds?

A

Archosaurs with modified anatomy for flight

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31
Q

What are derived characters of birds (6)

A

Adaptations that facilitate flight

Weight-saving modification to make flying efficient

Lack urinary blatter

Females often have only one ovary

Gonards are small when not in breeding season

Toothless

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32
Q

What are bird feathers made of, and what shape are they, and what do they provide?

A

made of beta-keratin- found in reptile scales

Shape and arranged to form wings into airfoils

provide insulation to retain body heat

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33
Q

How do wings flap, how do bird wing flappings differ (2)?

A

Power for flapping wings come from pectoral muscles

Some adapt to sair on air current and flap occasionally- eagles

other s flap continuously- hummingbird

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34
Q

four benefits of flight

A

Enhances scaveging and hunting

Enabled birds to feed on flying insects

Provides ready escape from earthbound predators

Enabled migration

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35
Q

What kind of lungs do birds have?

A

Tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sac

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36
Q

What kind of heart do birds have?

A

four-chambered

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37
Q

What does flight require (2), and how do birds support it

A

acute vision and fine muscle control

great energy expenditure

Lungs and heart enable tissues to be well supplied with oxygen and nutrients to support a high rate of metabolism

38
Q

What kind of vision do birds have, and what allows it?

A

Color vision and excellent eyesight

Well-developed brain for visual and motor areas

39
Q

What kind of behavior do birds have?

A

Exhibit complex behaviors during breeding season
Courtship rituals

40
Q

How do birds fertilize? (3)

A

Internal fertilization

Copulation involves contact between openings to birds’ cloacas

After eggs are laid, embryo must be kept warm through brooding

41
Q

What are theropods? (2)

A

group of bipedal dinosaurs

Feathered theropods evolved into birds

42
Q

When did feathers evolve, and what did it originally function as?

A

Feathers evolved long before flight
Functioned to insulate, camouflage, and courtship

43
Q

What is the archaepteryx, two things it had, and how did it fly (2)

A

earliest known bird

Feathered wings

Had teeths, clawed digits in wings, and long tails

Flew at high speeds

Could not take off from standing position

44
Q

What are ratites , what does it inlcude, and two characteristics

A

flightless birds

Ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, emu

Sternal keel is absent

Smaller pectoral muscles

45
Q

How do penguins differ from other ratites

A

it has powerful pectoral muscles to swim

46
Q

What do beaks function as

A

compensate for teeth

47
Q

What is the bird foot used for

A

Used to perching on branches, grasping food, defense, swimming, walking, and courtship

48
Q

What are mammals named after, and what is found in their milk?

A

Named for distinctive mammary glands to produce milk

Milk contains fats, sugars, proteins, minerals, and vitamins

49
Q

What 4 things do mammals possess?

A

hair

fat layer under skin to retain heat

larger brain

differentiated teeth to chew many kinds of food

50
Q

What kind of blood is animals, and what is used to support metaobolism and lungs?

A

endothermic

Efficient respiratory and circulatory system to support metabolism

Diaphragm ventilates lungs

51
Q

What are synapsids, 4 characteristics, hwo their jaw evolved and what did they evolve into?

A

group of amniotes where mammals belong to

Lacked hair

Sprawling gait

Laid eggs

single temporal fenestra

Jaw was remodeled as
mammalian features arose

Evolved into large herbivores and carnivores

52
Q

What is the temporal fenestra, and what do humans use it for?

A

Hole behind eye socket on each side of the skull

Jaw muscles passes through and anchor in temple

53
Q

When did true animals arise?

A

Jurassic- all small animals

54
Q

What three lineages arose in the early cretaceous?

A

Monotremes- egg-laying mammals

Marsupials- mammals with a pouch

Eutherians- placental mammals

55
Q

When did monotremes diverge, where is it found, what is included, and 3 characteristics

A

Diverged earliest

Found onlt in Australis and New Guinea

Platypus and echidnas

Lay eggs

Have hair

Produce milk but lack nipples- Secreted by glands on the belly

56
Q

What do marsupials include, 2 characteristics, and where are they found (2)

A

Opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

Higher metabolic rates

Nipples providing milk

Once found in all regions

After Pangaea broke up, the marsupials diversified in isolation- Bagan adaptive radiation

57
Q

How are younf of marsupials born, where do they develop (3)?

A

Live birth

Embryo develops in the uterus

Born early in embryonic development

Nursed and held in a pouch called marsupium

58
Q

What is the placenta, and what does it arise from?

A

structure which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mother’s blood

Arises from the lining of the uterus and the extraembryonic membranes

59
Q

What are eutherians called, three characteristics, when did they diverge?

A

placental mammals

Complex placentas

Longer pregnancy than marsupials

Complete embryonic development within the uterus

Living eutherians diverged in a burst of evolutionary change

60
Q

8 derived characteristics of primates

A

Hands and feet adapted for grasping

Digits have flat nails instead of narrow claws

Skin ridges on fingers

Large brain

Short jaws

Forward-looking eyes close
together

Well-developed parental
care

Complex social behaviors

61
Q

Where were early primates found, and how were derived characeters adapted?

A

Tree-dwellers
Derived characters were adapted to live on trees

62
Q

What is an opposable thumb, and what does ti allow?

A

ventral surface of the thumb can touch ventral surface of all four fingers

Allows for a power grip

63
Q

What are the three main groups of living primates

A

lemurs and lorises

tarsiers

anthropoids

64
Q

What do lemurs and lorises resemble?

A

Resemble early arboreal primates

65
Q

What are tarsiers related to?

A

Closely related to anthropoids than lemurs

66
Q

What three groups do anthropoids include?

A

New and Old world monkeys, and apes

67
Q

How do new and old world monkeys differ? (3)

A

Underwent separate adaptive radiations after separating to different continents

New world monkeys- arboreal

Old world monkeys- ground-dwelling and arboreal

68
Q

How are new and old world monkeys similar? (2)

A

Both are diurnal;- active during the day

Both live in groups

69
Q

What do apes include, what did they diverge from, where are they found, and three characteristics

A

Divered from old world monkeys

Found in tropical regions of the old world

Larger than other groups

Long arms, short legs, no tail

Larger brain

70
Q

What are 5 derived characteristics of humans, and how does the genome differ from chimpanzees?

A

Stand upright and are bipedal

Larger brain

Capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, manufacture and use complex tools

Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles

Shorter digestive tract

Only differ in 1% of genome from chimpanzees

71
Q

What is paleoanthropology?

A

study of human origins

72
Q

What are hominins, and when did they date?

A

extinct species closesly related to humans than chimpanzees

Date 4-6.5 million years ago

73
Q

What is Sahelanthropus tchadensis, and what three characters did they have?

A

oldest hominin

Reduced canine teeth

Flat faces

Upright and bipedal

74
Q

How do we know Sahelanthropus tchadensis
was upright and bipedal?

A

Known through structure of the holes in the skull, pelvis, leg bones, and feet

75
Q

How did most early hominins differ from humans (3)?

A

Smaller brains

Smaller size

Non-flat face

76
Q

WHat are two misconceptions of early hominins?

A

Hominins are chimpanzees or evolved from chimpanzees

Human evolution is a ladder, from an ancestral ape to Homo sapiens

77
Q

What do chimps represent, and how did they acquire derived characteristics?

A

Chimps only represent tip fo a separate branch

Acquired derived characteristics after diverging from our common ancestor

78
Q

How do we know human evolution is not a ladder?

A

Several hominin species coexisted, all Differed in skull shape, body size, and diet

79
Q

What are austrolopiths, what kind of group are they, and 7 characteristics

A

Hominins that increased in diversity dramatically 4-2 million years ago

Paraphyletic

Bipedal

Human-like hands and teeth

Smaller brain

Shared less derived traits
from the neck up

Sturdy skulls

Powerful jaws

Large teeth for grinding and chewing

80
Q

What is the original hypothesis of bipedalism (2)

A

Natural selection favored adaptations that made moving over open ground more efficient

Increase are of savanna habitat and fewer trees as the climate shifted

81
Q

What evidence goes against the original hypothesis of bipedalism (2)

A

bipedal hominins didn’t live in savannas

Some species of hominin switched from walking to climbing

82
Q

What is another hypothesis of bipedalism?

A

Began bipedal walking because it required less energy than four legs

83
Q

What is the first accepted evidence of tool use, and when did it originate?

A

First accepted evidence- cut marks on animal bones suggesting cutting flesh using tools

May have originated before development of large brains

84
Q

What were 4 characteristics of early Homos?

A

Had derived hominin
characters above the neck

Shorter jaw

Larger brain

Use of stone tools

85
Q

What is Homo ergaster, 4 physical characteristics, and two behavorial characteristics, and what they led to

A

newer species emerging

Larger brain

long , slender legs for long-distance walking

Short and straight fingers

smaller teeth

Did not climb trees

More sophisticated tool use

Homo erectus

86
Q

What began to decrease in Homo ergaster, and three reasions?

A

Different size difference between sexes decreased

Less competition for multiple females

Led to pair-bonding

Increase care for young by both parents

87
Q

Where and when did neanderthals live, where did they spread, a physical characteristic, and 2 behavorial characteristic?

A

Lived in Europe 350k years ago

Spread to Asia

Larger brains than current humans

Buried dead

Made hunting tools

88
Q

How do neanderthals and humans correlate? (2)

A

Share a common ancestor with humans

Humans did not descend from a common ancestor

89
Q

WHere did Homo sapiens originate, and two physical characteristics

A

Originated in Africa

Less pronounced browridges

More slender

90
Q

How did homo sapien lineages branch off, and where did they spread to?

A

African lineages branched off more basal position in the human family tree

Spread to Asia, then Europe, then Australia

91
Q

Two physical characteristics of Homo foresiensis, why those characteristics helped, and when it arose

A

Small brain- For less energy consumption

Dwarf- Better suited for the environment they lived in

arose before Homo Sapiens

BI158 (16 decks)

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