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BI158 > Chapter 53 > Flashcards

Chapter 53 Flashcards

1
Q

What is population ecology?

A

how biotic and abiotic factors influence density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations

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2
Q

How does population ecology vary?

A

in factos of 20x

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3
Q

What are three characteristics of a population?

A

Rely on the same resources,

are affected by the same environmental factors,

and are likely to breed and interact with each other

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4
Q

How are populations described?

A

by boundaries and size

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5
Q

what is density?

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

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6
Q

what is dispersion?

A

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

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7
Q

three methods to estimate a population size

A

Extrapolating small samples

Index of population size (ex-number of nests)

Mark-recapture method

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8
Q

3 steps of mark and reacapture method

A

samples are captured, tagged, and released

time is given for individuals to mix back into the population

The second sample is captured to note how many are marked

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9
Q

Mark-recapture equation

A

N= sn/x

N= population size

n= second sample size

s= first sample size

x= marked amount in the second sample

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10
Q

What is density the result of?

A

interplay between processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals

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11
Q

what is immigration?

A

the influx of new individuals from other areas

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12
Q

what is emigration?

A

movement of individuals out of a population

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13
Q

what adds new individuals to a population?

A

birth and immigration

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14
Q

what removed individuals from a population?

A

death and emigration

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15
Q

what influences spacing of individuals of a population?

A

environmental and social factors

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16
Q

what is clumped dispersion?

A

individuals aggregating in patches

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17
Q

what is clumped dispersion influenced by?

A

resource availability and behavior

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18
Q

what is uniform dispersion?

A

individuals are evenly distributed

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19
Q

what is uniform dispersion influenced by?

A

social interactions like territoriality

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20
Q

what is territoriality?

A

defense of a bounded space against other individuals

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21
Q

what is random dispersion?

A

the position of each individual is independent of other individuals

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22
Q

when does random dispersion occur?

A

in the absence of strong interactions or repulsions

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23
Q

what is demography, and examples?

A

study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

Ex- death and birth rates

24
Q

what is a life table?

A

age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population, following the fate of a cohort

25
Q

what is a cohort?

A

a group of individuals of the same age

26
Q

what does a life table provide?

A

Provides data about population, proportions of sex, and reproduction rate

27
Q

what is survivorship curve?

A

graphic way of representing the data in a life table

28
Q

What is type 1 survivorship curve?

A

low death rates during early and middle life, and an increase in death rates among older age

29
Q

what is type 2 survivorship curve?

A

a constant death rate over the organism’s life span

30
Q

what is type 3 survivorship curve?

A

high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

31
Q

what type of survivorship curve are most species?

A

an intermediate

32
Q

what do demographers focus on?

A

females in a population for species with sexual reproduction

33
Q

what is a reproductive table?

A

age-specific summary of reproductive rates in a population

34
Q

what does a reproductive table focus on?

A

a cohort from birth to deathw

35
Q

what is reproductive output?

A

product of the fraction of female at a given age who are breeding and the number of female offspring they make

36
Q

How is population growth studied?

A

in an idealized situation

37
Q

what does population growth provide?

A

Helps us understand the capacity of species to increase and the conditions that may facilitate this growth

38
Q

why doesn’t ideal population growth occur?

A

resource is limited

39
Q

what is zero population growth?

A

when birth rate equals death rate

40
Q

what is exponential population growth (2)?

A

population increase under idealized conditions

Results in a J-shaped curve

41
Q

What is the rate of exponential population growth?

A

The rate of increase is constant but accumulates more new individuals when unit of time is large than when it is small

42
Q

what is the issue of exponential population growth?

A

cannot be sustained indefinitely

43
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

maximum population size the environment can support

44
Q

how does carrying capcity vary?

A

abundance of resources

45
Q

what is the most realistic population model?

A

carrying capacity

46
Q

what is logistic population growth?

A

per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached

47
Q

what makes it difficult to define carrying capacity>

A

when populations fluctuate

48
Q

what is the Alle effect?

A

individuals have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the population size is too small

49
Q

when is the logistical model used?

A

Can be used to estimate the size below which populations may become extinct

50
Q

what is life history?

A

traits affecting its schedule of reproduction and survival

51
Q

What is life history reflected in?

A

development, physiology, and behavior of an organism

52
Q

what three variables entail life history?

A

When reproduction begins

How often the organism reproduces

How many offspring are produced per reproductive episode

53
Q

what is semelparity?

A

reproduces once and die

54
Q

when is semelparity favored?

A

Favored in variable or unpredictable environment

55
Q

what is iteroparity?

A

produce offspring repeatedly

56
Q

when is iteroparity favored?

A

Favored in a dependable environment

57
Q

why do trade-offs occur?

A

due to finite resources, trade-offs between survival and reproduction cocur

BI158 (16 decks)

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