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CAIE A Level > [🧠] Definitions > Flashcards

[🧠] Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Correlation co-efficient

Research methods

A

A number between -1 and +1 that shows the strength of the relationship between two variables with
* a co-efficient of -1 meaning there is a perfect negative correlation
* a co-efficient of +1 meaning there is a perfect positive correlation

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2
Q

Define:

Experiment

Research methods

A

An investigation that allows researchers to look for a causal relationship

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3
Q

Correlation

Research methods

A

A research method that looks for a relationship between two measured variables, where a change in one variable is related to a change in the other.

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4
Q

Causal relationship

Research methods

A

A link between two variables such that a change in one variable is responsible for the change in the other variable.

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5
Q

Co-variables

Research methods

A

Two or more measured variables in a correlation

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6
Q

Define

Laboratory experiment

Research methods

A

A research method in which there is an IV, DV and strict controls, used to look for a causal relationship

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7
Q

Define

Field experiment

Research methods

A

An investigation in which the IV is manipulated and expected to be responsible for a change in the dependent variable, used to look for a causal relationship.

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8
Q

Define

Standardisation

Research methods

A

The practice of keeping the procedure for each participant in a study exactly the same, to ensure that measured differences in the DV are likely to be due to the IV

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9
Q

Define

Controls

Research methods

A

Ways to keep potential confounding variables constant, to ensure measured differences in the DV are likely to be due to the IV

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10
Q

Define

Replication

Research methods

A

Keeping the procedure and materials exactly the same between studies

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11
Q

Define

Operationalisation

Research methods

A

The practice of clearly describing a variable such that it can be measured/quantified and accurately manipulated so that the study can be replicated.

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12
Q

Ecological validity

Research methods

A

How generalisable the study’s findings are to other situations or settings.

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13
Q

Population validity

Research methods

A

How well a study’s sample represents other populations or groups.

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14
Q

Explain what is meant by

debriefing

Ethics: Human Participants

A
  • participants are reminded of their ethical rights
  • cover stories must be uncovered
  • participants must be thanked and given contact details for future concerns
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15
Q

Explain what is meant by

right to withdraw

Ethics: Human Participants

A

participants can leave the research experiment before it starts, during the process or after the process has ended

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16
Q

Explain what is meant by

privacy

Ethics: Human Participants

A

participants privacy must not be invaded and they have control over what information is published

17
Q

Explain what is meant by

confidentiality

Ethics: Human Participants

A

participants’ identities must not be revealed to the public

18
Q

Explain what is meant by

minimising harm and maximising benefits

Ethics: Human Participants

A

ensuring that participants are not physically or psychologically harmed by the research process

19
Q

Explain what is meant by

valid consent including informed consent

Ethics: Human Participants

A

participants are made aware of the benefits and risks of the research, and give unambiguous consent

20
Q

Explain what is meant by

lack of deception

Ethics: Human Participants

A

participants should be aware of all the details of the experiment; if deception is necessary, they must be debriefed afterwards

21
Q

Explain what is meant by

species and strain

Ethics: Non-human participants

A

The species chosen must be the least likely to become distressed while being able to fulfill the requirements of the study; endangered species must not be used.

Species and strain

22
Q

Explain what is meant by

numbers

Ethics: Non-human participants

A

The smallest number of animals possible should be used while being enough to achieve reliable results

Numbers

23
Q

Explain what is meant by

anaesthesia, analgesia, euthanasia

Ethics: Non-human participants

A
  • Procedures that are likely to cause pain and discomfort should be performed only on animals that have been adequately anaesthetised
  • Analgesics should be used before and after such procedures to minimise pain and distress
  • Animals suffering lasting pain must be euthanised

Anaesthesia, analgesia, euthanasia

24
Q

Explain what is meant by

deprivation and aversive stimuli

Ethics: Non-human participants

A
  • Deprivation is doing without something
  • Aversive stimuli is something present that the animal doesn’t like, is afraid of or hurt by
  • Researchers must ensure there is no alternative way of motivating the animal that is consistent with the aims of the experiment
  • Levels of deprivation should be no greater than needed to achieve the experiment’s goals

Deprivation and aversive stimuli

24
Q

Explain what is meant by

pain and distress

Ethics: Non-human participants

A

Any physical or psychological pain and distress must be avoided, and any adverse effects on animals must be recognised and assessed, with immediate action taken wherever necessary

Pain and distress

24
Q

Explain what is meant by

replacement

Ethics: Non-human participants

A

Researchers should consider replacing animal experiments with videos or computer simulations

Replacement

25
Q

Explain what is meant by

housing

Ethics: Non-human participants

A
  • Isolation and overcrowding should be avoided
  • Caging should take into consideration the aspects of the animal’s natural environment that are important to its welfare and the social behaviour of the species

Housing

26
Q

Explain what is meant by

reward

Ethics: Non-human participants

A

The researcher should consider the animal’s usual eating and drinking habits and metabolic requirements

Reward

CAIE A Level (32 decks)

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