CHAPTER 3

Question 1

Excluding a person or group of people from a group, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.

Answer 1

OSTRACISM

Question 2

A physiological response to stressful events characterized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that readies the individual to counter the threat or to escape the threat.

Answer 2

FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE

Question 3

An interpersonal response to stressful events characterized by increased nurturing, protective, and supportive behaviors and by seeking out connections to other people.

Answer 3

Tend-and-Befriend Response

Question 4

A conceptual analysis of self-esteem that argues self-esteem is not an index of perceived self-worth, but instead is a psychological monitor of one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in social groups.

Answer 4

SOCIOMETER THEORY

Question 5

The need to belong to groups is part of human nature

Answer 5

THE HERD INSTINCT

Question 6

A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals.

Answer 6

INDIVIDUALISM

Question 7

A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Answer 7

COLLECTIVISM

Question 8

An interpersonal association between individuals based on each person’s desire to increase the rewards they receive from others in the relationship.

Answer 8

EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP

Question 9

An interpersonal association between individuals who are more concerned with what others get rather than what they themselves receive.

Answer 9

COMMUNAL RELATIONSHIP

Question 10

A social standard that enjoins individuals to pay back in kind what they receive from others.

Answer 10

NORM OF RECIPROCITY

Question 11

A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources to members in proportion to their inputs.

Answer 11

EQUITY NORM

Question 12

A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources equally among all members.

Answer 12

EQUALITY NORM

Question 13

an agreement, often only implicitly recognized, that obligates the individual to support the “general will” of society as an “indivisible part of the whole.”

Answer 13

SOCIAL CONTRACT

Question 14

Emphasizing one’s own needs, perspective, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of other individuals or the group (egocentric).

Answer 14

SELF-SERVING

Question 15

Emphasizing the group’s needs, perspectives, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of individual members or oneself (sociocentric).

Answer 15

GROUP SERVING

Question 16

The “me” component of the self-concept that derives from individualistic qualities such as traits, beliefs, and skills.

Answer 16

PERSONAL IDENTITY

Question 17

The “we” component of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and society.

Answer 17

SOCIAL IDENTITY

Question 18

An individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put his or her own personal interests and motivations above the group’s interests and goals.

Answer 18

INDEPENDENT (IDIOCENTRIC)

Question 19

An individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put the group’s goals and needs above his or her own.

Answer 19

INTERDEPENDENT (ALLOCENTRIC)

Question 20

A conceptual analysis that assumes individuals strive to maintain a balance between three basic needs

Answer 20

OPTIMAL DISTINCTIVENESS THEORY

Question 21

Variations in Collectivism

Answer 21

Cultural Differences
Regional and Ethnic Differences
Generational Differences

Question 22

A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with the group.

Answer 22

SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY

Question 23

The perceptual classification of people, including the self, into categories.

Answer 23

CATEGORIZATION

Question 24

Accepting the group as an extension of the self, and therefore basing one’s self-definition on the group’s qualities and characteristics

Answer 24

IDENTIFICATION

Question 25

A socially shared set of cognitive generalizations about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a particular group or social category.

Answer 25

PROTOTYPES

Question 26

Accepting socially shared generalizations about the prototypical characteristics attributed to members of one’s group as accurate descriptions of oneself.

Answer 26

SELF-STEREOTYPING

Question 27

A person’s overall assessment of that portion of their self-concept that is based on their relationships with others and membership in social groups.

Answer 27

COLLECTIVE SELF-ESTEEM

Question 28

Seeking direct or indirect association with prestigious or successful groups or individuals.

Answer 28

BASKING IN REFLECTED GLORY (BIRGing)

Question 29

Distancing oneself from a group that performs poorly.

Answer 29

CUTTING OFF REFLECTED FAILURE (CORFing)

Question 30

The tendency to view the ingroup, its members, and its products more positively than other groups, their members, and their products. Ingroup favoritism is more common than outgroup rejection.

Answer 30

INGROUP–OUTGROUP BIAS

Question 31

Restricting comparisons between the ingroup and other groups to tasks and outcomes where the ingroup is more successful than other groups and avoiding areas in which other groups surpass the ingroup.

Answer 31

SOCIAL CREATIVITY

Question 32

Reducing one’s connection to a group in order to minimize the threats to individual self-esteem.

Answer 32

INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY