CHAPTER 14

Question 1

A conceptual framework arguing that conflict between groups stems from competition for scarce resources, including food, territory, wealth, power, natural resources, and energy

Answer 1

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Question 2

The markedly greater competitiveness of groups when interacting with other groups, relative to the competitiveness of individuals interacting with individuals

Answer 2

Discontinuity Effect

Question 3

The belief held by the members of one group that they will be mistreated in some way by the members of a malevolent outgroup

Answer 3

Intergroup Paranoia

Question 4

One group tries to dominate the other

Answer 4

Intergroup Exploitation

Question 5

Assumes that conflict between groups result from dynamic tensions between hierarchically ranked groups within society

Answer 5

Social Dominance Theory

Question 6

Conflicts begin with minor irritations and annoyance but built in intensity

Answer 6

Spiral Model of Conflict Intensification

Question 7

An explanation of intergroup conflict arguing that hostility caused by frustrating environmental circumstance is released by taking hostile actions against members of social group

Answer 7

Scapegoat Theory

Question 8

The human species developed an extraordinary capacity for altruism, cooperation, and selflessness, but are reserved for members of the ingroup and sustained by hostility toward the outgroup

Answer 8

Evolutionary Perspective

Question 9

He said that humans by nature join groups and favor one’s own group over all others

Answer 9

William Graham Summer

Question 10

The belief that one’s own tribe, region, or country is superior to other tribes, regions, or countries

Answer 10

Ethnocentrism

Question 11

The tendency to consider the actions and attribute of one’s own group as positive but negative when the outgroup performs them

Answer 11

Double-Standard Thinking

Question 12

The perceptual tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each other, whereas the membership of one’s own group is heterogeneous

Answer 12

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias

Question 13

The assumption that the behavior of a large number of people can be accurately inferred from the behavior of a few people

Answer 13

Law of Small Number

Question 14

The assumption that the characteristics of a single individual in a group can be inferred from the general characteristics of the whole group

Answer 14

Group Attribution Error

Question 15

The tendency for perceivers to attribute negative actions performed by members of the outgroup to dispositional qualities and positive actions to situational, fluctuating circumstances

Answer 15

Ultimate Attribution Error

Question 16

Places the outgroup outside the moral realm

Answer 16

Moral Exclusion

Question 17

Moves the outgroup outside the human realm

Answer 17

Dehumanization

Question 18

Suggests that individuals, by championing the ingroup, maintain and even raise their self-esteem

Answer 18

Social Identity Theory

Question 19

The prediction that contact between the members of different groups will reduce intergroup conflicts

Answer 19

Contact Hypothesis

Question 20

A goal that can only be attained if the members of the two or more groups work together by pooling their efforts and resources

Answer 20

Superordinate Goal

Question 21

Reducing social categorization tendencies by minimizing the salience of group memberships and stressing the individuality of each person in the group

Answer 21

Decategorization

Question 22

Reduction of social categorization tendencies by collapsing groups in conflict into a single group or category

Answer 22

Recategorization

Question 23

Making salient individuals’ membership in two or more social groups that are not related to the categories that are generating ingroup-outgroup tensions

Answer 23

Cross-Categorization

Question 24

He suggests managing conflict by teaching group members the skills they need to resolve interpersonal disputes

Answer 24

Herbert Kelman

Question 25

An educational intervention that reduces prejudice by assigning students from different racial or ethnic groups to a single learning group

Answer 25

Jigsaw Model by Elliot Aronson