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biol 1190 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 parts can a cell be divided to:

A

1) plasma membrane or plasmalemma
2) cytoplasm → cytosol (intracellular fluid) and organelles
3) nucleus
• chromatin

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2
Q

What is chromatin and where is it found

A

It is the condensed form of DNA in the nucleus.
It is found in the nucleus

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3
Q

The most condensed form of DNA is

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane proteins

A

1) integral proteins: permanently attached to biological membrane
2) peripheral proteins: Attached to the surface

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell

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6
Q

Carbohydrates purpose in plasma membrane

A

are only located on the extracellular face of the cell and it is used for identification

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7
Q

Cholesterol purpose in cells

A

makes the cell membranes more solid and reduces fluidity of the membrane

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8
Q

What are the two types of transport proteins and their purpose

A

Channel proteins and carrier proteins that help transport specific substances across the membrane

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9
Q

Channel proteins (integral)

A

forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across the membranes. example: NA+

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10
Q

Carrier proteins (integral)

A

transports a specific substance across the membrane by undergoing a change in shape. For example: amino acids

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11
Q

Receptor (integral)

A

recognizes specific bonds, and alters the cells function in some way. example: ADH hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes.

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12
Q

Enzyme (integral and peripheral)

A

catalyzes a reaction inside or outside your cells.

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13
Q

Linker (integral and peripheral)

A

connects cells to cells

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14
Q

What can directly go through a membrane

A

small, nonpolar molecules such as O2, CO2 and H2O can go through without transport proteins

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15
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

membrane lipids and proteins are mobile in their own half of the bilayer and can move easily

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16
Q

Plasma membranes allow small, non polar uncharged molecules and not charged molecules and therefore are

A

selectively permeable

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17
Q

What is a concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration gradient of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

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18
Q

What is an electrical gradient

A

difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

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19
Q

Transport processes that move substances across a cell membrane are…

A

passive processes (diffusion and osmosis) and active processes ( primary, secondary and vesicular transport)

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20
Q

Passive transport never requires…

A

energy

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21
Q

Active transport requires…

A

energy

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22
Q

Diffusion is influenced by these 5 factors:

A
  1. steepness of the concentration gradient
  2. Temperature: the higher the temp, the more movement
  3. Mass of diffusing substance: lower the mass, the faster the diffusion
  4. Surface area
  5. Diffusion distance: longer distance = longer time
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23
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Does not require transport proteins, and moves particles from an area of higher concentration to lower until equilibrium . Normally moves particles that are nonpolar and uncharges.

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24
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

transmembrane proteins help solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move through the lipid bilayer

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25
Q

What are the two types of proteins involved in facilitated transport

A

channel and carrier

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26
Q

Sodium potassium pump; channel mediated facilitated diffusion

A

inward movement of NA+ and outward movement of K+ (important for nerve function)

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27
Q

Glucose transporter (carrier protein)

A

insulin tells cells to put more glucose transporters to allow for more glucose to enter the cells to prevent high blood sugar levels

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28
Q

Osmosis

A

net movement of a solvent (water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. –> water always follows solutes

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29
Q

Tonicity

A

relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells

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30
Q

Isotonic solution

A

the same concentration

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31
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

more water (solvent) in solution than cells. causes cells to swell

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32
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

less water (solvent) in solution than cells. causes cells to shrink

33
Q

Active transport: Primary

A

energy derived from ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient. (like pushing a ball up a hill)

34
Q

Example of primary active transport

A

an example of this would be sodium potassium pump which goes against the concentration gradient. (to turn on a nerve cell, sodium needs to rush in - depolarization-)

35
Q

Active transport: Secondary

A

energy stored (in a hydrogen or sodium concentration gradient) is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradients. (example: when a pore is opened, it uses the energy from the sodium moving in to move a substance out)

36
Q

Antiporters (secondary active transport)

A

membrane protein that transports two molecules at the same time in opposite directions

37
Q

Symporters (secondary active transport)

A

membrane protein that transports two molecules at the same time in the same direction

38
Q

Active transportation in vesicles: Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

ATP is requires bc the shape of the cell physically gets change to form the vesicle to allow the substance to enter

39
Q

What happens to a vesicle once it enters the cell

A

vesicle fuses with lysosome and gets digested “broken down”

40
Q

Active transport in vesicles: Phagocytosis

A

cellular process for ingesting and eliminating foreign substances and cells that are no longer needed

41
Q

Active transport in vesicles: bulk phase endocytosis (Pinocytosis)

A

does not use receptors, non specifically eats stuff around cell

42
Q

Exocytosis (vesicular transport)

A

membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid. (exporting something)

43
Q

Transcytosis (vesicular transport)

A

a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out to the other side.

44
Q

Why is transcytosis used?

A

Sometimes cells are too close together such as; epithelial cells, and transcytosis is required to get across.

45
Q

What is a cytoplasm and it’s two components?

A

cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus; contains cytosol and organelles

46
Q

Cytosol

A

known as the intracellular fluid portion of the cytoplasm

47
Q

Organelles

A

the specialized structures that have specific shapes and perform specific functions

48
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus

49
Q

Function of cytosol

A

fluid in which many of the cells metabolic reactions occur

50
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network in the cytoplasm composed of; microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

51
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

maintains the shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cell movements

52
Q

Centrosome

A

contains tubulins that are used for growth of the mitotic spindle and microtubule formation.

53
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

motile cell surface projections that contain 20 microtubules and a basal body.

54
Q

Function of cilia

A

move fluids over cells surface

55
Q

Function of flagella

A

move entire cell

56
Q

Ribosome

A

may be free in cytosol or attaches to rough ER

57
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

58
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

flattened sacs or tubules covered in ribosomes and attached to the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.

59
Q

Rough ER function:

A

synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred to cellular organelles, inserted into plasma membrane and secreted during exocytosis

60
Q

Smooth ER function

A

synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, inactivates or detoxifies drugs, removes phosphate group from glucose -6- phosphate, and stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells

61
Q

Golgi complex

A

3-20 flattened membranous sacs called saccules; structurally and functionally divided into entry (cis) and exit (trans) face

62
Q

Golgi complex function:

A

entry (cis) accepts proteins from the rough ER; medial saccules form glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipoproteins; exit (trans) modifies the molecules further, then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations

63
Q

Lysosome

A

vesicle formed from golgi complex

64
Q

Lysosome function

A

breaks down/digests using digestive enzymes

65
Q

Lysosome: Autophagy

A

destruction of worn out organelles using lysosomal enzymes

66
Q

Lysosome: Autolysis

A

destruction of entire cell by lysosomal enzymes

67
Q

Peroxisomes

A

similar in shape to lysosomes, uses oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances.

68
Q

Proteasomes

A

proteins shaped like a cylinder (barrel shaped) and break down proteins only

69
Q

Mitocondria

A

site of aerobic cellular respiration reactions that produce most of a cell’s ATP. Plays an important role in early apoptosis

70
Q

Nucleus

A

contains the hereditary units of the cell called genes, arranged in chromosomes

71
Q

Function of nucleus

A

consists of genes that control cellular structure and direct cellular functions

72
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments function

A

anchors organelles (nucleus to center of cell)
Help attach cells to one another

73
Q

Cytoskeleton: microtubules function

A

used to separate DNA during cell division, used as roads for vesicles to move around.

74
Q

Gene expression: Protein synthesis

A

Process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

75
Q

Protein synthesis: transcription

A

occurs in the nucleus and genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis

76
Q

Steps in transcription

A
  1. Messanger RNA directs protein synthesis
  2. Ribosomal RNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
  3. Transfer RNA binds to amino acids and holds it in place during translation
77
Q

Protein synthesis: translation

A

translation occurs outside the nucleus as a process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein

78
Q

Free floating ribosomes

A

free ribosomes produce proteins used within the cell

79
Q

Rough ER ribosomes

A

produce proteins that are used in the plasma membrane or secreted from the cell

biol 1190 (16 decks)

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