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BIOL 1190 > Chapter 9: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint

A

a point of contact between:
- 2 or more bones
- cartilage and bone
- teeth and bone

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2
Q

A joint can also be called

A

articulation and arthrosis

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3
Q

What two ways can joints be classified

A
  • structurally: is there a joint cavity? what type of connective tissue involved.
  • functionally: what degree of movement is permitted
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4
Q

3 Structural classification types

A
  • Fibrous (no articular cavity)
  • Cartilaginous (no articular cavity)
  • Synovial ( have articular capsule)
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5
Q

3 Functional classifications of joints

A
  • Immovable (ex. suture)
  • Slightly movable (ex. intervertebral discs)
  • Freely moveable ( ex. hip, knee, shoulder)
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6
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • lacks synovial cavity
  • bones are held together with dense fibrous connective tissue (dense irregular connective tissue)
  • permit little to no movement
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7
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A
  • sutures:
    dense irregular connective tissue immovable to slightly movable
  • Syndesmoses:
    has greater distance between articulating surfaces
    slightly movable
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8
Q

Syndesmoses have…

A

more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture

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9
Q

Sutures (fibrous joints) description

A

Articulates bones united by a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, found between skull bones.

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10
Q

Sutures (fibrous joints); degree of movement and example

A
  • immovable to slightly movable
  • example; coronal suture
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11
Q

Syndesmosis (fibrous joints): description

A

articulating bones by a varying amount of dense irregular connective tissue; usually a membrane or ligament

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12
Q

Syndesmosis (fibrous joints): degree of movement and example

A
  • slightly movable (bc of slightly longer fibers)
  • example: distal tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula (anterior tibiofibular ligament)
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13
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • lacks synovial cavity
  • articulating bones held together with cartilage connective tissue
  • permit little or no movement
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14
Q

Types of cartilagnious joints

A
  • Synchondroses: connecting material is hyaline cartilage (immovable to slightly movable) - ex; costal cartilage
  • Symphyses: connecting material is fibrocartilage (slightly movable) -ex; intervertebral discs
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15
Q

Synchondrosis (Cartilaginous joints); description + degree of movement + example

A
  • connecting material is hyaline cartilage
  • immovable to slightly movable
  • example: between first rib and manubrium of sternum
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16
Q

Symphysis (cartilaginous joints); description + degree of movement + example

A
  • connecting material; broad, flat disc of fibrous cartilage
  • slightly movable
  • example: pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints
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17
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • has a synovial cavity
  • articulating bones are covered with articular cartilage, held together by ligaments, contain synovial fluid and have a nerve supply and are surrounded by an articular capsule
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18
Q

What ROM do synovial joints permit

A

large range of movement

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19
Q

Bursae and tendon sheaths can be found at…

A

many synovial joints

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20
Q

Bursae:

A

sac like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

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21
Q

Tendon sheaths:

A

a tube like bursae that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

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22
Q

Movements at synovial joints: gliding

A

movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back and forth and side to side over another; little change in angle between bones

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23
Q

Movements at synovial joints: angular

A

increase or decrease angle between bones (circumduction)

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24
Q

Movements at synovial joints: flexion

A

decrease in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane or an anterior movement at a ball and socket joint

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25
Q

Movements at synovial joints: lateral flexion

A

movement of the trunk in frontal plane

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26
Q

Movements at synovial joints: extension

A

Increase in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane or a posterior movement at a ball and socket joint

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27
Q

Movements at synovial joints: abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body, usually in coronal plane

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28
Q

Movements at synovial joints: adduction

A

movement of bone toward midline, usually in coronal plane

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29
Q

Movements at synovial joints: circumduction

A

Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession (or in the opposite order); distal end of body part moves in circle

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30
Q

Movements at synovial joints: rotation

A

movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis; in limbs, may be medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)

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31
Q

Movements at synovial joints: special

A

occurs at specific joints
- Inversion: medial movement of sole
- Eversion: lateral movement of sole
- Dorsiflexion: bending foot in direction of head
- Plantar flexion: bending of foot in direction of ground
- Opposition: movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand

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32
Q

Movements at synovial joints: elevation

A

superior movement of a body part

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33
Q

Movements at synovial joints: depression

A

inferior movement of a body part

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34
Q

Movements at synovial joints: protraction

A

anterior movement of a body part in transverse plane

35
Q

Movements at synovial joints: retraction

A

posterior movement of a body part in transverse plane

36
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • ellipsoid (condyloid)
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
37
Q

Structural and functional classification of plane (synovial joint)

A
  • articulated surfaces are flat or slightly curved
  • many are biaxial: back- and -forth and side to side movements. Some are triaxial; back&forth, side to side and rotation
38
Q

Plane (synovial joint) example:

A

intercarpal, intertarsal, sternocostal and vertebrocostal

39
Q

Structural and functional classification of hinge (synovial joint)

A
  • convex surface fits into concave surface
  • uniaxial: flexion and extension
40
Q

Hinge (synovial joint) example:

A

elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints

41
Q

Structural and functional classification of pivot (synovial joint)

A
  • rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament
  • uniaxial: rotation
42
Q

Pivot (synovial joint) example:

A

atlanto-axial and radioulnar joints

43
Q

Structural and functional classification of ellipsoid/ condyloid (synovial joint)

A
  • oval shaped projection fits into oval shaped depression
  • biaxial: flexion - extension, abduction - adduction
44
Q

Ellipsoid/ condyloid (synovial joint) example:

A

radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints

45
Q

Structural and functional classification of saddle (synovial joint)

A
  • articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped; articular surface of other bone “sits” in saddle
  • Biaxial: flexion - extension, abduction - adduction
46
Q

Saddle (synovial joint) example:

A

carpometacarpal joint: between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb

47
Q

Structural and functional classification of ball and socket (synovial joint)

A
  • ball like surface fits into cuplike depression
  • Triaxial: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation
48
Q

Ball and socket (synovial joint) example:

A

Glenohumeral and hip joints

49
Q

Factors affecting contact and ROM of synovial joints

A
  1. structure and shape of articulating bones
  2. Strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments
  3. Arrangement and tension of muscles
  4. Contact of soft parts
  5. Hormones
  6. Disuse
50
Q

How does strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments affect ROM of synovial joints

A

when you extend your knee, the ligaments at the back get tight

51
Q

How does contact of soft parts affect ROM of synovial joints

A

forearm contacting the bicep stops it from flexing further

52
Q

How do hormones affect ROM of synovial joints

A

Example: relaxin, a hormone release by the placenta and ovaries, increases the flexibility of the fibrocartilage of the pubic symphysis and loosens the ligaments between the sacrum, hip bone and coccyx towards and of pregnancy

53
Q

How does disuse affect ROM of synovial joints

A
  • Disuse of a joint for an extended period may limit the ROM
  • disuse may also result in decreased amount of synovial fluid, diminished flexibility of tendons and ligaments and muscular atrophy
  • example: breaking your arm
54
Q

Temporomandibular joint anatomical components

A
  • articular capsule (ligaments that surround joint)
  • articular disc (meniscus), lateral ligament, sphenomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament
55
Q

Movements of temporomandibular joint

A
  • depression
  • elevation
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • lateral displacement
  • slight rotation
56
Q

Shoulder joint anatomical components

A
  • articular capsule
  • coracohmeral ligament, glenohumeral ligaments, transverse humeral ligament, glenoid labrum, bursae
57
Q

Movements of shoulder joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyperextension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • medial and lateral rotation
  • circumduction
58
Q

Glenoid labrum

A

little line that surrounds the genoid cavity and extends glenoid cavity to fit around the humerus

59
Q

Rotator cuff injury (glenohumeral joint injuries)

A
  • occurs from wear and tear, aging, trauma, poor posture, improper lifting and repetitive movements
60
Q

Dislocated shoulder (glenohumeral joint injuries)

A
  • head of humerus becomes displaced from glenoid cavity; damages ligaments, tendons and muscles
61
Q

Separated shoulder (glenohumeral joint injuries)

A
  • partial or complete tearing of acromioclavicular ligament
62
Q

Anatomical components of elbow joint

A
  • articular capsule
  • ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament of the radius
63
Q

Movement of elbow joint

A

flexion and extension

64
Q

Ulnar collateral ligament connects

A

humerus to ulna

65
Q

Annular ligament of the radius connects

A

head of radius to ulna

66
Q

Anatomical components of knee joint

A
  • articular capsule
  • medial and lateral patelar retinacula, patellotibial ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament, intracapsular ligament (ACL and PCL), articular discs, bursae
67
Q

Movements at knee joint

A
  • extension
  • flexion
  • slight medial and lateral rotation
68
Q

What does ACL prevent

A

prevents hyperextension as it gets taught during extension

69
Q

What happens to PCL when flexed

A

PCL becomes taught during flexion

70
Q

Suprapatellar bursae prevents friction between

A

femur and quadriceps tendon

71
Q

Medial patellar retinaculum does what

A

it is additional connective tissue that is used to stabilize the knee joint

72
Q

The arcuate popliteal ligament connects what 2 bones

A

connects femur to fibula

73
Q

Affects of aging on joints

A
  • decreased production of synovial fluid
  • thinning of articular cartilage
  • loss of ligament length and flexibility
74
Q

Partial hip arthroplasty

A

replacing part of the femur, does not involve acetabulum

75
Q

Total hip arthroplasty

A

replace acetabulum (fossa) of hip bone - install artificial acetabulum

76
Q

Rheumatism

A

any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the body - bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscle - that is not caused by infection or injury

77
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost

78
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

an autoimmune disease in which the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues (cartilage and joint linings)

79
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

Excessive amounts of uric acid that are not able to be excreted
- mostly affects the joints of the feet

80
Q

Lyme disease

A
  • ticks that rashes to develop and cause joint stiffness
81
Q

Sprain

A
  • twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but does not dislocate bones
82
Q

Strain

A

stretched or partially torn muscle or muscle and tendon

83
Q

Tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths, and synovial membranes surrounding certain joints
- most often wrist, shoulders, elbows, feet, ankles, fingers

BIOL 1190 (16 decks)

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