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biol 1190 > Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton bones and how many

A
  • skull and facial bones
  • vertebrae
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • hyoid
    80 bones
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2
Q

5 main types of bone

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • sesamoid bones
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3
Q

Long bones

A

greater in length than width
- example: limbs

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4
Q

Short bones

A

cube shaped
- example: most carpal and tarsal bones (wrist and ankle)

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

thin layers of parallel plates
- example: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

complex shaped
- example: vertebrae

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7
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

shaped like a sesame seed
- example patellae (knee cap)
- bones may vary from person to person

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8
Q

Suture bones

A
  • small extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones
  • amount varies from person to person
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9
Q

Sutures

A
  • are jointed areas where flat bones come together
  • immovable joints
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10
Q

Different sutures on skull

A
  • frontal/coronal suture
  • saggital suture
  • lambdoid suture
  • squamous suture
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11
Q

What does the temporal bone form..

A

the external acoustic meatus

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12
Q

8 cranial bones

A
  • frontal (1)
  • parietal (2)
  • temporal (2)
  • occipital (1)
  • sphenoid (1)
  • ethmoid (1)
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13
Q

2 major types of surface markings in bones

A
  • depressions and openings
  • processes
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14
Q

Depressions and openings description + different types

A

allow the passage of soft tissue (nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints

  • fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus
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15
Q

Fissure

A

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

example: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

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16
Q

Foramen

A

opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass. (hole)

example: optic canal of sphenoid bone

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17
Q

Fossa

A

shallow depression

example: coronoid fossa of humerus

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18
Q

Sulcus

A

furrow (groove) along bone surfaces that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

example: inter-tubercular sulcus of humerus

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19
Q

Meatus

A

tube like opening

example: external acoustic meatus of temporal bone

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20
Q

Processes description + different types

A

projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons

  • condyle, facet, head, crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tuberosity
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21
Q

Condyle

A

large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone

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22
Q

Facet

A

smooth, flat slightly concave or convex articular surface

  • example: superior articular facet of vertebra
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23
Q

Head

A

usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone

example: head of femur

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24
Q

Crest

A

prominent ridge or elongated projection (little mountains going outwards)

  • example: iliac crest of hip bone
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25
Q

Epicondyle

A

typically roughened projection above condyle

  • example: medial epicondyle of femur
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26
Q

Line

A

long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest) - similar to crest

  • example: linea aspera of femur
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27
Q

Spinous process

A

sharp, slender projection

example: spinous projection of vertebra

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28
Q

Trochanter

A

very large projection

example: greater trochanter of femur

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29
Q

Tubercle

A

variably sized round projection

example: greater tubercle of humerus

30
Q

Tuberosity

A

variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface

example: ischial tuberosity of hip bone

31
Q

Facial bones

A
  • mandible
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic
  • nasal bone
  • palatine bone
  • vomer
  • lacrimal
  • inferior concha
32
Q

Which bones form part of inner nose

A

vomer and ethmoid bone

33
Q

Frontal bone

A
  • forms the forehead, anterior part of skull and roof of orbits
34
Q

Parietal bones

A
  • form greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
  • inner surfaces contain protrusions and depressions that accommodate the blood vessels
35
Q

Temporal bones

A
  • form inferior lateral aspects of cranial cavity
36
Q

Occipital bone

A
  • forms posterior part of cranial cavity and most of cranial base
  • contains foramen magnum for spinal cord to go through
  • contains occipital condyles on either sides of foramen magnum for the atlas to articulate
37
Q

Sphenoid bone

A
  • lies at the middle part of cranial base
  • articulates with all other cranial cavity bones
  • forms part of floor, side walls and rear wall of orbit
38
Q

Ethmoid bone

A
  • forms part of anterior portion of the cranial base
  • forms medial wall of orbits
  • is the superior portion of nasal cavity that divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides
39
Q

Hyoid bone

A
  • does not articulate with any other bone
  • located between mandible and larynx and supports the tongue
  • serves as an attachment point for the tongue
40
Q

Nasal bones (2)

A

small rectangular-shaped bones that form the bridge of the nose
- resting place for eye glasses

41
Q

Lacrimal bones (2)

A
  • smallest facial bones
  • form part of the medial wall in each orbit
  • each contain a lacrimal fossa
  • a structure that gathers tears and passes them to the nasal cavity
42
Q

Palatine bones (2)

A
  • form posterior portion of hard palate
  • form small portion of floors of orbits
43
Q

Inferior nasal concha bones (2)

A
  • inferior to nasal portion of ethmoid bone
  • inferior lateral wall NOT MEDIAL
  • all 3 conchae (superior, middle, inferior) increase surface area of the nasal cavity and help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs
44
Q

Vomer

A
  • roughly triangular bone that forms inferior part of the nasal septum
  • extends down from perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
45
Q

Maxillae (2)

A
  • form upper jaw bone
  • articulate with every other bone but the mandible
46
Q

Zygomatic bones (2)

A
  • cheek bones
  • form part of lateral wall of orbits
  • articulates with frontal, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal bones
47
Q

Mandible

A
  • lower jaw bone, strongest facial bone
  • attaches to temporal bone with coronoid process
48
Q

Only skull bones that move

A

mandible and ossicles

49
Q

3 Ear bones

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)

50
Q

The optic nerve goes through…

A

the sphenoid bone

51
Q

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

A

allows for passage of olfactory nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity - full of holes

52
Q

Crista galli of ethmoid bone

A

middle portion that sticks up into the cranial cavity
- serves as an attachment point for membranes surrounding the brain

53
Q

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

A

descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate and assists in forming the septum of the nose

54
Q

Condylar process

A

bump on the mandible that fits into the mandibular fossa

55
Q

Mastoid

A

behind the ear

56
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A
  • mucus membrane-lined cavities in the frontal. maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones
57
Q

Function of paranasal sinuses

A
  • allow the skull to increase in size without change in mass of the bone
  • used as resonating chambers to enhance the voice
  • increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa and help to moisten it as well
58
Q

By what age does intramembranous ossification of the fontanels occur

A

2 years

59
Q

Primary vs secondary curve of spinal cord

A
  • primary is single curve in baby
  • secondary is 4 curves in adults
60
Q

Secondary curve (4 curves)

A
  • cervical curve
  • thoracic curve
  • lumbar curve
  • sacral curve
61
Q

Intervertebral discs are not found in

A

C1 and occipital bone

62
Q

Function of intervertebral discs

A
  • absorb shock and separate the vertebrae from one another
63
Q

What bones allow the head to nod yes (flex and extend)

A

occipital condyle and C1

64
Q

What bones allow us to nod our head no

A

C1 and C2

65
Q

True ribs and false ribs difference

A
  • true ribs are the first 7 pairs and their cartilage connects directly to the sternum
  • false ribs: next 5 pairs that indirectly connect to the sternum or do not connect at all
66
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral curvature (normally in thoracic region)

67
Q

Kyphosis

A

hump back - increased thoracic curve

68
Q

Lordosis

A

thic - increased lumbar curvature

69
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A
  • minor
  • no symptoms
  • only evidence is a small dimple with a tuft of hair in the overlying skin
70
Q

Spina bifida cystica (meningocele)

A
  • sac contains the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
  • cyst like sac protruding
71
Q
A

biol 1190 (16 decks)

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