1.4 Kingdoms Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are the main levels of classification for living organisms?
All living things are classified into the following levels:
Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Genus → Species.
What common features do all living things share?
All living things have certain features in common, including:
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
DNA (genetic material)
Ribosomes (found in the cytoplasm) either floating freely or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes are responsible for making proteins and enzymes involved in respiration.
What is Whittaker’s Five Kingdoms classification?
Whittaker’s Five Kingdoms classifies living organisms into five major groups:
Monera – Prokaryotic organisms (bacteria)
Protista – Unicellular eukaryotes (e.g., amoeba)
Fungi – Fungi (e.g., mushrooms, yeast)
Plantae – Plants (e.g., trees, flowers)
Animalia – Animals (e.g., mammals, birds)
What are the main characteristics of the Animalia kingdom?
Animals are multicellular organisms.
Their cells do not have cell walls or chloroplasts.
They feed on organic substances made by other living organisms.
Animals are divided into two main groups:
Vertebrates (e.g., mammals, birds)
Arthropods (e.g., insects, spiders)
What are the main characteristics of fungi?
They are usually multicellular (many-celled), but some such as yeast are unicellular (single-celled).
They have nuclei and cell walls, but the walls are not made of cellulose.
They do not have chlorophyll.
Fungi are made up of thread-like hyphae which are made up of cells.
In many fungi, hyphae contain many nuclei within a shared cytoplasm.
They feed by digesting waste organic material and absorbing it into their cells.
Examples of fungi include yeast and mushrooms.
What are the characteristics of prokaryotic unicellular organisms?
Prokaryotic unicellular organisms include bacteria and algae.
They have no nuclues.
They have cell walls, not made of cellulose.
They have no mitochondria.
They have a circular loop of DNA, which is free in the cytoplasm.
They often have plasmids.
Their chromosomes are not organized into a nucleus.
What are the characteristics of protoctists?
Most protoctists are unicellular organisms but some, such as seaweeds, are multicellular.
Their cells have a nucleus and may or may not have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Some feed by photosynthesis and others feed on organic substances made by other organisms.
Their chromosomes are enclosed in a nuclear membrane, forming a nucleus.
An example of a protoctist is the amoeba.
Do fungi have chlorophyll?
No
Do fungi photosynthesise?
No
How do fungi feed?
They feed saprophytically, or parasitically, on organic material such as faeces, human foods and dead plants or animals.
How do fungi reproduce?
Fungi reproduce by forming spores. These are tiny groups of cells with a tough, protective outer covering. They can be spread by the wind or animals, and grow to form a new fungus.
List some uses of fungi.
We eat them as mushrooms.
We used yeast(single celled fungus) to prepare bread and ethanol.
We obtain antibiotics such as penicillin from various different fungi.
What is a kingdom?
one of the major groups into which all organisms are classified
What are organic substances?
substances whose molecules
contain carbon; in biology, we normally consider organic compounds to be ones that are made by living things
What is chlorophyll?
a green pigment (coloured
substance) that absorbs energy from light; the energy is used to combine carbon dioxide with water and make glucose
What is cellulose?
a carbohydrate that forms long fibres, and makes up the cell walls of plants
Do animal cells have cell walls?
No
What are the types of plants in plant kingdom?
Flowering and Non flowering
What are the types of non flowering plants in plant kingdom?
ferns and mosses
What are charaterisitcs of plants?
Characteristic features of plants:
* Their cells have a nucleus and cell walls made of cellulose and often contain chloroplasts.
* They feed by photosynthesis.
* They may have roots, stems and leaves (but some plants do not have these organs).
What is fungus?
an organism whose cells have cell walls, but that does not photosynthesise
What is a prokaryote
an organism whose cells do not have a nucleus
What is a protoctist
a single-celled organism, or one with several very similar cells
What are hyphae?
microscopic threads, made of cells linked in a long line, that make up the body of a fungus
