1400 Week 4

Question 1

What is considered the primary unit in Confucian society?

Answer 1

Family (further extending into society)

Question 2

What are the five human relationships derived from?

Answer 2

Principles of Yin and Yang

Question 3

What is considered the greatest of relationships?

Answer 3

Man and woman who live together

Question 4

Meaning of Patrilineal

Answer 4

Descent traced through male line, father to son

Question 5

Patriarchal meaning??

Answer 5

Family unit led by senior male

Question 6

Virilocal meaning

Answer 6

Wives married into husband’s families symbolically and physically (daughter-in-law over wife)

Question 7

Who was the wife loyal to?

Answer 7

Her husband’s family/her new family

Question 8

How did families function

Answer 8

Like corporations which shared money

Question 9

Social Ranks in 18th Century China

Answer 9

1. Scholar-official (Shi)
2. Peasants (nong)
3. Artisans (gong)
4. Merchants (sang)

Question 10

Why were merchants considered unimportant?

Answer 10

They produced nothing other than the distribution of goods

Question 11

Why are scholars so important?

Answer 11

They had the highest education and spread Confucian morality throughout the population

Question 12

People outside of the Four Strata (social ranks)

Answer 12

Emperor, mean people, entertainers, courtesans, butchers, coroners, soldiers, beggars, criminals, monks, priests, nuns

Question 13

Socio-economic ranking in 18th century

Answer 13

1. Imperial family/nobility
2. Scholar officials/gentry
3. Small landlords/rich peasants/poor scholars
4. Common people

Question 14

How could a family of merchants become officials?

Answer 14

Merchants buy land and become gentries, their sons then attempt to become scholars and officials

Question 15

Which ethnic group was superior in Qing society

Answer 15

Manchus, then mongols, then Han at the bottom

Question 16

How did Han men prove subjugation

Answer 16

Forced to wear hair in a Manchu style with front shaved and long ponytail

Question 17

What script were legal documents written in

Answer 17

Manchu and Mongolian

Question 18

Five languages on official pronouncements

Answer 18

1. Manchu
2. Mongol
3. Tibetan
4. Uighur
5. Chinese

Question 19

How were governments ran

Answer 19

Locally

Question 20

How did the Manchus legitimize themselves?

Answer 20

Received the Mandate of Heaven, manipulated government and religious symbols, sponsored intellectual projects, emphasized neo-Confucian virtues of loyalty and stability

Question 21

Political order in Qing China

Answer 21

1. Emperor
2. Beijing officials
3. Provincial officials
4. Prefectural officials
5. County magistrates

Question 22

Who ran territorial administration

Answer 22

Governor-generals

Question 23

Who ran provinces?

Answer 23

Governers

Question 24

Who ran prefectures

Answer 24

Prefects

Question 25

Who ran counties

Answer 25

Magistrates (only within other counties)

Question 26

Who did the military directly answer to?

Answer 26

The emperor

Question 27

Emperors during 18th Century

Answer 27

1. Kangxi (longest serving emperor) 2. Yongzheng (possibly illegitimate heir) 3. Qianlong (resigned out of filial piety to his grandfather)

Question 28

Who was Heshen?

Answer 28

China’s most corrupt official, went from poverty to 1.1 billion taels of silver, forced to commit suicide in 1779

Question 29

Who was the most local representative of government?

Answer 29

County magistrate