Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as wishing, thinking, and hoping

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association between two events

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4
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behavior

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning process in which neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

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6
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

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7
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after a conditioned stimulus—unconditioned stimulus pairing

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10
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired

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11
Q

Generalization (classical conditioning)

A

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

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12
Q

Discrimination (classical conditioning)

A

The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

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13
Q

Extinction (classical conditioning)

A

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning

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15
Q

Counterconditioning

A

A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

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16
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

A form of treatment that consists of repeating pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

17
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

18
Q

Operant (instrumental) conditioning

A

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of a behaviors occurrence

19
Q

Shaping

A

Reward successive approximations of a desired behavior

20
Q

Reinforcement

A

The process by which a stimulus or an event (reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

21
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

22
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

23
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Through experience with unavoidable adverse stimuli, and organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes

24
Q

Avoidance learning

A

An organism’s learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response

25
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable

26
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through and organisms experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learner or conditioned reinforcer

27
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

28
Q

Positive punishment

A

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

29
Q

Negative punishment

A

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

30
Q

Latent learning (implicit learning)

A

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

31
Q

Insight learning

A

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of the problem’s solution