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Neuroscience > brain development > Flashcards

brain development Flashcards

1
Q

What happened to esme?

A

she was hyperventilating and holding her breath which put a strain on her heart

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2
Q

When is your peak brain?

A

20-25 years old

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3
Q

As you get older, why does your brain crinkle?

A

To fit the skull

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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5
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

The front-cortex, two cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Middle brain

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7
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

Back, cerebellum

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8
Q

Which part becomes the biggest part of our brain?

A

The forebrain

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9
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The outer cerebral hemisphere

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10
Q

Why is the cortex wrinkled?

A

Increase surface area

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11
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A ridge-mountain

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12
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A groove-valley

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13
Q

What are the six stages of CNS development?

A

Neurogenesis, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, neuronal cell death, synaptic refinement

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14
Q

How does our CNS begin?

A

As a plate with three layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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15
Q

What happens after the CNS has its three layers?

A

It rolls up into a tube

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16
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

skin

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17
Q

If both the skin and brain come from the ectoderm, how does one decide whether it is a skin cell or a neuron?

A

They fight and the loser ends up being a glial cell

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18
Q

What cells are found in the white matter of the brain?

A

Glial

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19
Q

What is tuberous sclerosis?

A

There is too much white matter in the brain. The brain is too big

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20
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Mitosis produces neurons and glial cells in the area next to the central canal- creating new neurons in the brain
- precursor cells divide to form ventricular zone
- cells leave this zone to either become neurons or glial cells

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21
Q

What happens when there is a failure of mitosis?

A

Microcephaly- small head

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22
Q

How many shots do you get at cell migration?

A

Only get one shot at it, you get it or you dont

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23
Q

What are the only cells in the brain?

A

Glial and neurons

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24
Q

What cell does not replicate?

A

Neurons

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25
Q

How does one decide who will become a neuron/glial?

A

Whoever wins the fights, if you win, you become a neuron, loose-glial

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26
Q

What do neurons supposed to do when there is a bad connection?

A

Kill themselves

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27
Q

What is the main action of synaptogenesis?

A

Make as many connections as possible

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28
Q

What physically happens when there are too many connections?

A

Bigger head

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29
Q

What is autism?

A

There are too many synapses in the brain. They make a lot of bad connections and do not kill themselves

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30
Q

What happens during neurogenesis?

A

The brain makes a 100 billion neurons

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31
Q

How can it make 100 billion neurons?

A

During the beginning stages of life, it is proficient at producing these

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32
Q

What specifically happens during neurogenesis(detail)?

A

The precursor/stem cell divide to form ventricular zone

33
Q

When do the precursor/stem cells stop dividing?

A

Ends by birth (handful of stem cells survive)

34
Q

What do these stem cells do after they divide?

A

Leave the ventricular zone to become either a neuron or glial cell.

35
Q

When do most cells change to glial cells?

A

After migration

36
Q

Where do cells migrate to?

A

The surface

37
Q

What happens during migration?

A

After mitosis, both the cells inch towards to surface, but over time one cell comes back down and undergoes mitosis while the other one goes and lives life.

38
Q

What does disorders of migration cause?

A

Brain malformations like pachygryria- the white matter is too thick

39
Q

what are migrating neurons guided by

A

radial precursor cells- are like
mentors

40
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The neurons with no specific job, find their purpose

41
Q

How are axons guided?

A

By chemicals released by targets

42
Q

Chemoattractants?

A

Chemicals that attract certain growth cones

43
Q

Chemorepellants?

A

repel growth cones

44
Q

What are growth cones?

A

Sensory-motile organelles at tip of growing axons and dendrites

45
Q

What are filopodia and lamellipodia?

A

Outgrowths of growth cones-ahere to local environment and pull in a direction

46
Q

What is chemoaffinity?

A

Each cell has genetic chemical identity that guides development

47
Q

Chemorepellants/attractants act when?

A

Close or long range

48
Q

Induction?

A

Influence of a set of cells on the fate of nearby cells

49
Q

What does notochord induce?

A

Developing neurons to become motoneurons

50
Q

what do cells in the notochord do

A

release sonic hedgehog protein that directs cell in spinal cord to become motoneuron

51
Q

what does sonic hedgehog protein do

A

cause motor cells to form in spinal cord

52
Q

what did esme have

A

rett syndrome

53
Q

what does zika virus do

A

causes head to be small bc it blocks neurogenesis

54
Q

where do synapses form rapidly

A

dendrites and spines-esp after birth and connections are effected by experience

55
Q

what does the neuron do to support the size of dendrites

A

nerve cell body increases

56
Q

what is the overall idea of synaptogenesis

A

making connections with everyone so you can eventually see whos fake and whos real

57
Q

what is the overall idea of neuron cell death

A

telling all the fake friends to kill themselves

58
Q

what do capases do

A

cut up proteins and DNA

59
Q

how does apoptosis start

A

an influx of Calcium ions, Ca++

60
Q

What foes the influx of Ca++ do

A

tells the mitochondria to release Diablo

61
Q

what does Diablo do

A

binds to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPS)

62
Q

w/ out IAP inhibition what happens

A

caspases dismantle the cell

63
Q

what do IAPs do

A

inhibit caspases

64
Q

overall what does diablo do in simple terms

A

diablo distracts the IAPS and caspases ends up killing the cell

65
Q

what do neurons compete for

A
  1. chemicals that target cells(neurotropic factors
  2. synaptic connections-more friends the better
    w out enough of both cell will die or cause mental retardation
66
Q

synaptic pruning?

A

getting rid of bad connections

67
Q

synaptic pruning failure

A

fragile X syndrome

68
Q

nerve growth factors(NGF) and Brain derived neurotropic factors(BDNF) are what

A

produced by targets and are taken up by incoming neurons - like little boosts-vitamins-healing elixir
- keep them alive or help regrow after injury

69
Q

what is amblyopia

A

early problems in vison in one eye eventually cause vison loss in that eye

70
Q

misalignment in eye causes

A

amblyopia

71
Q

what are clinical features of autism

A
  1. communication/language
  2. Lack of social interaction
  3. repetitive behaviors, obsessions, and preservations
  4. odd movements
  5. predictability
  6. intellectual function
72
Q

what are some communication impairments

A

delayed language and echolalia

73
Q

what are some odd movements

A

repeated gestures and abnormal movements

74
Q

what does change in routine do ppl w/ autism

A

cause lots of stress

75
Q

how is intellection function in autism

A
  • most is mental retardation and savant syndrome (genius) is rare
76
Q

what are synaptic pruning disorders

A

fragile x and autism

77
Q

do autism and vaccines have correlation

A

no

78
Q

what is retts syndrome( esme had)

A

x-linked progressive autism with intellectual problems with only girls

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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