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Neuroscience > Hunger and Thirst > Flashcards

Hunger and Thirst Flashcards

1
Q

why do obese people usually die of heart failure?

A

the heart is trying to pump blood to a large amount of tissue

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2
Q

what uses our behavior to keep things balanced?

A

homeostatic systems

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3
Q

what are the main homeostatic mechanisms?

A

negative feedback

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4
Q

what happens if a set point is deviated from?

A

unwanted effects occur

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5
Q

what is hypovolemic thirst?

A

stimulated by low extracellular/intravascular volume (low blood volume)

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6
Q

what is osmotic thirst?

A

stimulated by high extracellular solute concentration (ingesting salt)

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7
Q

how is hypovolemic thirst triggered?

A

loss of water volume

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8
Q

what is baroceptors?

A

blood vessels and heart detect initial drop in BP—>brain activates thirst and salt craving( drinks water)—>arteries constrict to raise BP

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9
Q

what happens in a vasopressin deficiency?

A

kidneys send more urine to bladder, resulting in chronic thirst

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10
Q

What happens to the kidneys if blood volume decreases?

A

kidneys release renin which triggers formation of angiotensin II

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11
Q

What are the effects of angiotensin II

A
  1. blood vessels constrict
  2. circumventricular organs trigger drinking
  3. vasopressin is released
  4. aldosterone is released
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12
Q

what is the hypothalamus in control of?

A

eat, sleep, motivator, BEHAVIOR

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13
Q

what does the circulating angiotensin II act in the subfornical organ to do?

A

to signal other brain sites to initiate drinking

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14
Q

What is osmosensory neurons?

A

anterior hypothalamus respond to rise in blood osmotic pressure (sensitive to salt)

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15
Q

what happens when cell membranes shrink

A

opens mechanical-gates Na+ channels

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16
Q

How do OVLT neurons respond to increased osmotic pressure?

A

telling the pituitary gland to fire

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17
Q

how does diffusion flow

A

high concentration to low concentration

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18
Q

why don’t diets work?

A

the body thinks it is starving–>body freaks out and thinks, how it can conserve energy

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19
Q

what can increase metabolism

A

activity/regular exercise

20
Q

glucose?

A

principle fuel for energy

21
Q

glycogen?

A

glucose is stored for short term in the liver

22
Q

glycogenesis?

A

converting glucose to glycogen, using insulin

23
Q

lipids?

A

long-term storage, fat tissue

24
Q

How does the brain decide when to start/stop eating?

A

brain integrates insulin and glucose levels with other signals

25
Q

signals that tell you to eat?

A

NPY, AGRP, Galanin, Orexin-A, and Dynorphin

26
Q

signals that tell you to stop eating

A

a-MSH, CRH/UCN, GLP-1, CART, NE, and 5-HT

27
Q

external factors of food intake?

A
  • emotion
  • food characteristics
  • lifestyle behaviors
  • environmental cues
28
Q

what is leptin

A

keeps you skinny-appetite suppressant

29
Q

what creates leptin?

A

Fat cells to secrete leptin into the bloodstream

30
Q

what do defects in leptin production or sensitivity give?

A

false low report of body fat

31
Q

usually obese people are leptin what?

A

resistant

32
Q

overnutrition overworks the hypothalamus causing what?

A

obesity , diabetes, and heart disease bc of the damage to the hypothalamus

33
Q

What does Ghrelin do?

A

appetite stimulant- rises during fasting, drops after eating

34
Q

what is prader-wili syndrome

A

genetic disease that causes sense of never being full or satisfied( ghrelin levels are elevated)

35
Q

what is the hunger control center?

A

hypothalmus

36
Q

what is the lateral hypothalamus?

A

refusal to eat

37
Q

what is the ventromedial hypothalamus( don’t eat)

A

lesions cause obesity(eat)

38
Q

VMH-lesioned animals do what?

A

overeat until they become obese

39
Q

what happens to the set point when we keep overeating?

A

the new set point keeps rising

40
Q

LH-lesioned animals what?

A

stop eating

41
Q

what happens to the set point when we keep undereating?

A

the set point keeps lowering

42
Q

two set of neurons in the hypothalamus have what?

A

opposing effects

43
Q

What neurons stimulate appetite and lower metabolism leading to weight gain?

A

NPY/AgRP

44
Q

What neurons inhibit appetite and increase metabolism leading to weight loss?

A

POMC/CART

45
Q

VMH lesions destroy what?

A

hunger-ending PVN

46
Q

LH lesions destroy what?

A

hunger-causing LHA

47
Q

Ghrelin stimulates what neurons?

A

AgRP neurons

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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