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a&p lab > lab 1 > Flashcards

lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define anatomical position

A

standing forward, palms forward, arms to side, thumbs out, feet slightly apart

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2
Q

superior

A

structure located above another

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3
Q

inferior

A

structure located below another

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4
Q

dorsal/posterior

A

refers to backside

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5
Q

ventral/anterior

A

refers to frontside

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6
Q

proximal

A

structure closest to point of attachment

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7
Q

distal

A

structure farthest to point of attachment

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8
Q

medial

A

structure closest to mid line of body

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9
Q

lateral

A

structure farthest from mid line

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10
Q

caudal

A

tail end (inferior)

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11
Q

cranial

A

head end (superior)

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12
Q

superficial

A

structures near surface of body. external structures

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13
Q

deep

A

internal structures

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14
Q

saggital plane

A

verticle cut dividing body into left and right halfs

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15
Q

frontal plane

A

verticle cut dividing body into anterior and posterior halfs

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16
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal cut dividing body into superior and inferior halfs

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17
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

contains cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

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18
Q

ventral body cavity

A

contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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19
Q

thoracic cavity

A

(superior) consists of right pleural cavity (R lung), left pleural cavity (L lung), and pericardial cavity (heart)

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20
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

(inferior) consists of abdominal cavity (contains digestive organs) and pelvic cavity (contains reproductive organs)

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21
Q

what is a serous membrane? what is its function?

A

double layered membrane that covers organs and
reduces friction; also referred to as serosa

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22
Q

what is the visceral layer

A

adheres to viscera (organs) in a cavity

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23
Q

what is the parietal layer?

A

lines the walls of the cavity

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24
Q

what is serous fluid?

A

fluid between the two layers that decreases friction and allows for movement of visera

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25
Q

what is in the RUQ?

A

liver, gallbladder, transverse colon, small intestine, R kidney

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26
Q

what is in RLQ?

A

ascending colon, small intestine, appendix, large intestine

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27
Q

what is in LUQ?

A

liver, spleen, stomach, L kidney, transverse colon

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28
Q

what is in LLQ?

A

descending colon, small intestine, sigmoid colon

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29
Q

what is an atom?

A

smallest unit of matter that participate in chem reactions

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30
Q

what is a cell?

A

basic structural and functional unit of an organism

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31
Q

what is a molecule?

A

made by the binding of two atoms

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32
Q

what is ocular lens magnification?

A

10x

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33
Q

what is objective lens magnification?

A

4x, 10x, 40x

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34
Q

what is the total magnification of each?

A

4x - 40, 10x - 100, 40x - 400

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35
Q

what is resolution?

A

ability to see fine detail

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36
Q

what is working distance?

A

the distance between the objective lens and top of sample for it to appear in focus

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37
Q

what is parfocal?

A

when objective lens can be changed with little to no refocusing

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38
Q

how would the letter “e” appear in the microscope?

A

upside down and backwards

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39
Q

what is the relationship between total magnification and depth of focus?

A

as magnification increases, depth of focus decreases. as you zoom in you see less of the object

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40
Q

what is peritoneum? what is its function?

A

serous membrane of abdominal cavity. has double layer folds called mesenteries which keep visera in place by extending from wall-organ

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41
Q

what is pleura?

A

lungs

42
Q

what is pericardium?

A

heart

43
Q

what is peritoneum?

A

abdominal cavity

44
Q

supine

A

body laying face up (on back)

45
Q

prone

A

body laying face down (on stomach)

46
Q

trunk

A

backside

47
Q

contralateral

A

structure on opp side of body as another structure

48
Q

ipsilateral

A

structure on the same side of body as another structure

49
Q

what are the ocular lens?

A

the lens you look through (10x)

50
Q

what are the objective lens?

A

set of magnifying lens located on revolving nose piece

51
Q

what are the condenser lens?

A

located beneath stage, concentrates n directs the light as it passes through the slide to the objective lens

52
Q

what is the objective stage?

A

where the specimen is placed

53
Q

what is the iris diaphragm?

A

regulates intensity of light passing through condenser lens, located beneath condenser lens

54
Q

what is the mechanical stage?

A

used to move area of the slide under observation

55
Q

what is the coarse focus knob?

A

moves object stage up n down

56
Q

what is the fine focus knob?

A

sharpens image

57
Q

what is a anopheles?

A

mosquito

58
Q

what is tabanus?

A

mouth part of mosquito

59
Q

what is Cimex lectularius?

A

bed bug

60
Q

what is Pediculus humanus?

A

body louse

61
Q

what is Phthirus pubis?

A

crab louse

62
Q

what is Taenia sp.?

A

tapeworm

63
Q

what is the mucosal layer of the mouth?

A

stratified squamous

64
Q

what is the purpose of the skeletal muscle that covers lips and cheeks?

A

helps to keep food between the teeth while chewing

65
Q

what is the palate? what are its two parts?

A

roof of the mouth.
hard palate- bony, aids in manipulation of food.
soft palate- rises during swallowing to close the nasopharynx

66
Q

what is the tongue?

A

made of skeletal musc
used to reposition food in chewing, mix food w saliva, initiate swallowing, and helps w speech.
you have voluntary control of it

67
Q

what and how is saliva produced?

A

saliva is mainly water w electrolytes and enzyme called amylase, ligual lipase, antibodies, and metabolic wastes.
composed of serous cells, that produce a watery secretion, and muscus cells, that produce mucus.

68
Q

how saliva do you produce on av a day?

A

1L- 1.5L

69
Q

what do lingual lipase and salivary amylase break down?

A

l- lipids
a- starch

70
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands?

A

-sublingual gland, under tongue
-submandibular gland, jaw area
-parotid duct, by ear or cheeks

71
Q

what is the function of saliva?

A

begins chemical dig,
breaks down carbs,
moistens food.

72
Q

what begins mech dig?

A

teeth, using mastication (chewing)

73
Q

what is precise dentition? what has it?

A

top and bottom teeth fit w each other,
only mammals have this

74
Q

what are primary dentition or deciduous teeth?

A

baby teeth
20 in total
teeth that are lost to make room for permanent teeth

75
Q

what are permanent dentition?

A

permanent/adult teeth
32 in total

76
Q

what are the types of teeth? what are they for?

A

incisors, cutting
canines, tering
premolars, crushing
molars, grinding

77
Q

what is the adult human dental formula?

A

I 2/2
C 1/1
P2/2
M 3/3

78
Q

explain the dental formula

A

the top # is top teeth,
bottom # is bottom teeth,
only accounts for half of the mouth and assumes both sidea are equal because humans are symentrical

79
Q

what is the crown?

A

hardest part of tooth,
covered w enamel,
exposed part of tooth

80
Q

what is the root of the tooth?

A

the part embedded in the gums

81
Q

why do you get two sets of teeth?

A

because the head and jaw grows so you need more teeth

82
Q

what is cementum? dentin? pulp cavity?

A

c- calcified CT that anchors root into periodontal ligaments
d- bone like material under enamel and surrounds pulp cav
p- provides supply of blood and nerves

83
Q

what are 2 ways you can get cavities?

A

sugars- the bacteria in mouth breakdown sugar and produce acid, too much consumption of sugar and production of acid breaks down teeth causing demineralization and cavities.
gum erosion- the neck of tooth becomes exposed and it is not covered w enamel leading to cavities

84
Q

what is function of the pharynx

A

musc contractions within the walls propels food to esophagus

85
Q

what is the function of the esophagus

A

passageway for food and fluids from laryngopharynx to stomach at the cardial orifice.

86
Q

when does heartburn occur?

A

when the gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter isnt able to stay closed when moving stuff from esoph to stomach and the acid gets out

87
Q

describe the mechanism of swallowing

A

buccal phase- voluntary, occurs in mouth where bolus is forced into oropharynx by tongue.
pharyngeal-esophageal phase- involuntary, occurs when food is squeezed thru the phaynx and into esoph. controlled by the medulla and pons.

88
Q

what are 7 functions of the stomach?

A

1 mech and chem break down.
2 holding area for food.
3 delivers chyme to SI.
4 denatures pros w hydrochloric acid.
5 pepsin carries out enzyme dig of pros.
6 absorbs alc and asprin into blood thru endothelium.
7 secretion of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption.

89
Q

what is the cardia and pyloric area in the stomach?

A

c- where food enters
p- controls movement of food out of the stomach

90
Q

what is the mucosa of the stomach?

A

simple columnar w goblet cells that provide protective cover of alkaline mucus

91
Q

what are gastric glands of the stomach?

A

produce gastric juice that denatures pros and lipids.
mix of mucus, acid, enzymes, hormones, and intrinsic factor

92
Q

what are surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, and parietal cells of the stomach?

A

m- secretes mucous, keeps acid at bay.
mnc- secretes diff type of mucus.
p- makes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor to absorb B12 ans denature pros.

93
Q

what are chief and enteroendocrine cells of the stomach?

A

c-secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase to breakdown pros.
e- secretes hormones for communication between dig organs and coordinates activity.

94
Q

Explain how gastric secretion and stomach motility are regulated.

A

by neutral and hormonal mechanisms that stimulate or inhibit the enteric neurons of the gut, which are organized as ganglionated plexuses and innervate the smooth muscles of the GI tract.

95
Q

what is gastrin and somatostatin?

A

g- produced by G cells in stomach, stimulate gastric secretions and promote movement of food thru tract. ( activates dig sys)
s- from the stomach muscosa and duodenum, inhibits dig acvitity

96
Q

what is histamine and serotonin in the stomach?

A

h- increases stomach acid (HCI)
s- regulate and stimulate musc contraction

97
Q

what is gherlin?

A

hunger hormone.
released by stomach mucosa to stimulate hunger

98
Q

how are gastric secretions regulated?

A

cephalic phase- before food enters, reflex trigger by sight ot thought of food.
gastric phase- lasts 3-4- hrs, triggered by stretch when foods in stomach, releases gastric juices and churns food.
intestinal phase- slow gradual release of chyme into SI

99
Q

how do parietal cells make hydrochloric acid?

A

by pumping acidic ions one way and bicarbonates the other way. acid ions to stomach and basic to blood.

100
Q

what is alkaline tide?

A

the balancing of acids and bases in stomach and blood. puts acids in stomach and bases in blood.

a&p lab (16 decks)

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