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a&p lab > lab 16 > Flashcards

lab 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what is spermatogenesis? where does it occur?

A

the process of sperm production,
occurs in the seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

what are the most immature sperm cells?

A

spermatogonia

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3
Q

when does sperm star being produced?

A

age 10-12, during puberty

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4
Q

explain the process and steps in spermatogenesis

A
  1. repro hormones stimulate spermatogonia (2n) to divide by mitosis into primary spermatocytes.
  2. primary give rise to 4 sperm cells which each undergo meiosis 1 to produce 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes.
  3. secondary undergo meiosis 2 to produce 4 haploid spermatids.
  4. differentiation, all cell div stops and the cells have a specific function.
  5. spermatids are then transformed into spermatozoa (sperm) by growing flagellum and shedding most of its cytoplasm.
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5
Q

what are the gonads of the male?

A

testes

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6
Q

what are the accessory organs of the male repro? what do they make?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethreal glands.
they make semen which carries the sperm during ejaculation

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7
Q

what makes testosterone? what is its function?

A

interstitial and leydig cells.
needed for spermatogenesis and the development of sexual characteristics in the male.

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8
Q

what is the pathway of sperm?

A

testes
epididymis
vas deference
ejaculatory duct
urethra

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9
Q

what is the scrotum

A

cutaneous sac that holds the testes

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10
Q

what is the epididyms

A

surrounds testes, accessory duct,
where sperm matures and is stored, and transports it to vas deferens

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11
Q

what is the vas deference?

A

transports sperm to urethra and forms the spermatic cord (suspends testes) with blood vessels and nerves

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12
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct?

A

transport sperm and fluids from the ampulla and seminal vesicles to the urethra

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13
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

where vas deference enlarges and joins w seminal vesicles

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14
Q

what is the urethra?

A

allows passage of urine and semen,
extends from bladder to penis

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15
Q

what are the 3 regions of the urethra?

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile urethra

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16
Q

what are the female gonads?

A

ovaries

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17
Q

what are ovaries?

A

produce gametes
produce estrogen and progesteron after fertilization

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18
Q

what are the uterine tubes?

A

extend from ovary to uterus,
transports egg

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19
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

expanded funnel between ovary and fallopian tube,
catches and moves eggs along

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20
Q

what are fimbriae?

A

finger like projections on infundibulum that contain cilia to create currents in peritoneal fluid that propel ovulated oocte from ovary to fallopian tube

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21
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

fallopian tubes anytime up to 24 hrs after ovulation

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22
Q

what is the uterus?

A

receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus while it grows and develops

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23
Q

what are the regions of the uterus?

A

body- largest part
cervix- inferior, connects to vagina

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24
Q

what are the layers of the uterine wall?

A

perimetrium- continuation of visceral peritoneum.
myometrium- composes uterine wall, and has 3 musc layers that produce contractions.
inner endometrium- 2 functional layers, stratum functionalis which line the uterine cavity, and the stratum basalis

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25
Q

what is the site of fertilization?

A

the functional layer of the inner endometrium or fallopian tube

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26
Q

what is shed in menstration

A

the functional layer.
the basal layer stays behind to build another functional layer for the next cycle

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27
Q

what is the vagina? what is its epithelium?

A

muscular canal that runs from cervix to exterior of the body.
serves as a passage way for birth and menstrual flow.
nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

what are the regions of the ovary?

A

cortex- contains follicles and corpora lutea.
medulla- interior portion composed of loose CT and blood vess

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29
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

process of egg production,
occurs in the ovary,
typically produces one eggs each cycle

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30
Q

when does the production of eggs in a woman occur

A

before she is born

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31
Q

what are the steps of oogenesis?

A
  1. begins w primary oocyte (2n).
  2. primary goes thru meiosis, but pauses at prophase 1 until estrogen is released.
  3. primary divs into secondary oocyte and first polar body. where it will pause again.
  4. meiosis 2 is completed when secondary oocyte is fertilized by sperm. it divs into an ovum (n) and second polar body.
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32
Q

The secondary oocyte is surrounded by what?

A

Zona pellucida and corona radiata (outer layer of granulosa cells).

33
Q

A series of rapid mitotic divisions occur as the zygote is transported towards the uterus and the zygote becomes 2-, 4-, 16-, 32-celled. What are these divisions called?

A

Cleavages

34
Q

When the ovum that has been fertilized with the sperm, it undergoes and completes meiosis II to make a cell that is?

A

pronuclei

35
Q

The pronuclei rupture to cause what?

A

They cause the chromosomes to mix. The haploid cells of the ovum and the haploid cells of the sperm fuse together to create a diploid zygote.

36
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

A cell formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum.

37
Q

4th day post fertilization what is the zygote?

A

solid sphere of cells called morula

38
Q

what is a blastocyte?

A

when the morula divdes and makes a hollow cav and accumulates fluid and the zona pellucida disinegrates

39
Q

After hitting the blasocyst stage, what process begins to occur

A

The differentiation of cells begins as an inner cell mass forms which will become the embryo and the outer cells are the trophoblast which forms part of the placenta

40
Q

Around how many days does the blastocyst adhere to the endometrium of the uterus and begins implantation?

A

6-7 days

41
Q

Once the blastocyst begins adhering to the endometrium, what does the cells of the trophoblast begin to do?

A

They begin to develop into two layers in the area that is in contact with the endometrium.

42
Q

what do the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm give rise to? what were they from?

A

ect- from the epiblast, epidermis, glands, and nerv tissue.
end- from the hypoblas, epithelial lining and glands in dig and resp sys.
mes- comes from cells in other two layers, musc, bone, blood, heart, and kidneys

43
Q

What are the two layers the trophoblast begins to make with the endometrium?

A
  • Cellular trophoblast- inner layer
  • Syncytical trophoblast- outer layer that has cells to secrete enzymes that allow the blastocyst to penetrate the uterine lining and become buried in the endometrium.
44
Q

Pregnancy tests test for the presence of what hormone in blood and/or urine?

A

HCG which stimulates the corpus luteum of the ovary to secrete estrogen and progestrone.

45
Q

where is the amniotic cav?

A

develops between a space within the epiblast in the inner cell mass

46
Q

What is the amniotic cavity filled with? whats it purpose

A

Fluid derived from materal blood.
It cushions and protects the embryo from trauma and extreme temperatures. It also helps to keep fetal tissues moist.

47
Q

what does it mean when someones water breaks

A

amnion ruptured

48
Q

what cells form the yolk sac? what does the yolk sac do?

A

The cells at the edge of the hypoblast.
It provides nourishment to the embryo as the placenta is establishing.

49
Q

Within two weeks after fertilization, the blastocyst is completely covered by what?

A

endometrium

50
Q

The extraembryonic mesoderm and the trophoblast layers form what?

A

the chrion, an outer mem that surrounds embryo

51
Q

During the third week of development, gastrulation takes place. What is this?

A

The embryonic disc epiblast and the hypoblast cell layers transform into three layers called the primary germ layers.

52
Q

What is the connecting stalk? what will the connecting stalk become?

A

connection between mesoderm and embyronic disc and the chrion.
umbillical cord

53
Q

By the end of the fourth week of pregnancy, what is present?

A

-Beating heart
- Precursors of skeletal muscles appear
- Elements of the nervous system are developing
- Buds are present for arms and legs
- Small discs appear for the eyes and ears

54
Q

What is placentation?

A

process of placenta forming

55
Q

The chorionic villi in the part of the uterus beneath the embryo becomes what?

A

placenta

56
Q

when is placenta functional?

A

second month of pergnancy

57
Q

what does the umbilical cord have?

A

Two umbilical arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta and one umbilical vein that carries oxygen and nutrients from the mothers to fetus.

58
Q

When is an embryonic called a fetus?

A

in the second month or when it 3 cm long

59
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

when an embryo implants outside of the uterus

60
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

placenta develops over cervix and baby cant get out

61
Q

What are fraternal twins? what are identical twins?

A

f- twins produced from 2 eggs and 2 sperm
i- twins produced from 1 egg and one sperm

62
Q

what triggers labor?

A

hormones like oxytocin

63
Q

Oxytocin is released from the pituitary gland and operates under what type of feedback mechanism? what does it do?

A

positive, it increases the frequency and force of uterine contractions?

64
Q

what is the first part of labor

A

dilation of cervix, lasts 6-12 hrs
full dilation is 10 cm

65
Q

what is the expulsion phase

A

second phase of labor,
The fetus is pushed put, usually within 2 hours.

66
Q

what is the placental phase

A

delivery of placenta after baby

67
Q

What is breech presentation?

A

when baby is born feet or butt first

68
Q

How do false labor pains differ from true labor pains?

A

f- dont get worse and stay consistantly apart
t- get worse and happen more frequent

69
Q

what is nnormal temp for sperm production? How does the male reproductive system ensure that sperm is being produced at the right temperature?

A

3 degree C
muscs in the scrotum that move testes closer or further from body

70
Q

The ejaculatory ducts pass into what gland before emptying into the urethra?

A

prostate gland

71
Q

The penis consists of three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue. Name them.

A
  • Corpora cavernosa (2)
  • Corpus spongiosum
72
Q

What are oogonia?

A

Female stem cells found in a developing fetus since birth and will develop into primary oocytes

73
Q

At birth, how many primary oocytes are present in each ovary? at puberty?

A

2 mill
300 000.

74
Q

Out of the 300 000 primary oocytes present at puberty, how many of them will mature and be ovulated in a female’s lifetime?

A

400

75
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

A clear glycoprotein layer that forms between the oocyte and the granulosa cells.

76
Q

what does progesterone do

A

helps develop placenta

77
Q

After ovulation occurs, what happens to the follicle?

A

becomes a corpus lutem
if pregnancy doesnt occur it degenerates into scar tissue known as corpus albicans.

78
Q

What is the pathway of a sperm cell from the testes to the site of fertilization of an ovulated oocyte in the female?

A

Testis ->
Epididymis ->
Vas deferens ->
Ejaculatory duct ->
Urethra ->
Vagina ->
Cervix of uterus ->
Body of uterus ->
Uterine tube ->
Fertilization of secondary oocyte

79
Q
A

a&p lab (16 decks)

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