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HNN > General Organisation Of The Head And Neck > Flashcards

General Organisation Of The Head And Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium

A

Neurocranium + viserocranium

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2
Q

What are the two groups of face muscles?

A
  • muscles of facial expression
  • muscles of mastication
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3
Q

Outline the muscles of facial expression

A
  • mainly dilators or sphincters expect buccinators
  • attach to bone
  • insert into skin/fascia of face
  • suppled by extracranial branches of the facial nerve
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4
Q

Outline the muscles of mastication

A
  • move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint
  • allow for opening + closing of jaw
  • supplied by mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
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5
Q

Innervation of the muscles of facial expression

A

Extracranial branches of the facial nerve

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6
Q

Innervation of the muscles of mastication

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

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7
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A
  • occipitofrontalis
  • orbicularis oculi
  • orbicularis oris
  • buccinator
  • risorius
  • zygomatic major
  • platysma
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8
Q

Main sensory supply of face and scalp

A

Via the three divisions of trigeminal nerve
- ophthalmic (Va)
- maxillary (Vb)
- mandibular (Vc)

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9
Q

How many muscles of mastication are there?
Name them

A

4
- lateral pterygoid
- medial pterygoid
- temporalis
- masseter

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10
Q

What do the muscles of facial expression act as?
What is the exception?

A
  • sphincters or dilators
  • except buccinator (cheek muscle) > keep cheek taut + help keep food in oral cavity when chewing
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11
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A

TZBMC
- temporal
- zygomatic
- buccle
- marginal mandibular
- cervical

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12
Q

Route of the facial nerve

A

Pons > internal acoustic meatus > exits base of skull > runs through parotid gland > branches to muscles of facial expression

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13
Q

Most common cause of facial nerve lesion

A

Bell’s palsy

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14
Q

What scale is used to indicate the severity of facial nerve lesions?

A

House-Brackmann scale

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15
Q

What is it important to assess in cases of facial nerve lesion?

A

eye occlusion
eye can dry out + potential blindness if eyelids can’t close

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16
Q

Action of pterygoids

A

Together - move mandible side to side
Lateral - depresses mandible ‘laaaaa’
Medial- elevates mandible + protrudes

17
Q

Outline temporalis:
- location
- action
- innervation
- what is used to test it?

A
  • Location: above ear
  • Action - elevates + retracts mandible
  • Innervation - mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
  • Test: clench jaw
18
Q

Outline the masseter:
- location
- innervation
- action

A
  • Location: zygomatic arch to mandible
  • Innervation: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
  • Action: elevates + protracts mandible
19
Q

Branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

Va - ophthalmic
Vb - maxillary
Vc - mandibular

20
Q

Outline occipitofrontalis

A
  • two muscle bellies (frontal + occipital) joined by epicardial aponeurosis
  • frontalis inserts into skin of eyebrow > no bony attachment
  • Innervation: facial nerve
  • Test: ask patient to raise eyebrows
21
Q

Outline orbicularis oculi:
- location
- role
- innervation
- action

A
  • Two parts: orbital + palpebral
  • Location: one circle around each eye socket
  • Role: protects eyes + keeps moist
  • Innervation: facial nerve
  • Action of orbital part: squeezes eyelids together tightly
  • Action of palpebral part: gently closes eyelids
22
Q

Outline orbicularis oris:
- location
- origin
- insertion
- action
- innervation

A
  • Location - one surrounding orifice of mouth
  • Origin: maxilla + mandible
  • Insertion: skin of lips
  • Action - purses lips together (speech + facial expression) + seals mouth closed (keeps food in oral cavity)
  • Innervation: facial nerve
23
Q

Outline buccinator:
- describe
- action
- innervation

A
  • flat, thin muscle forming wall of cheek
  • Action: holds cheek inwards against teeth (prevents food from collecting between cheek and gum) + expel air against pursed lips (e.g. playing trumpet)
  • Innervation: facial nerve
24
Q

Outline the dilators of the mouth:
- action
- innervation

A

e.g. risorius + zygomatic major
- Action: draws angles of mouth superiorly + posteriorly > smile
- Innervation: facial nerve

25
Q

Outline platysma
- insertion
- action

A
  • mostly in neck
  • Aries from fascia overlying anterior chest
  • Insertion: lower mandible, subcutaneous tissue of skin of lower face
  • Action: tenses skin of anterior neck +draws down inferior lips
26
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Inflammation of the facial nerve

27
Q

How can you differentiate between facial nerve weakness + stroke?

A

Forehead is spared in stroke
Forehead not spared in facial nerve palsy

28
Q

Action of the supra hyoid muscles

A

Elevate hyoid
Depression mandible

29
Q

Action infrahyoid muscles

A

Depression hyoid + help stabilise it

HNN (24 decks)

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