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HNN > Development Of The Head And Neck > Flashcards

Development Of The Head And Neck Flashcards

1
Q

When does development of the head and neck start?

A

Day 22

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2
Q

Describe the head and neck at day 22 of development

A

No defined facial features
Head + neck take up half of length of embryo

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3
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A

Five pairs of mesenchymal proliferations

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4
Q

Why are there only 5 pharyngeal arches but they are named 1,2,3,4+6?

A

The 5th pharyngeal arch is present for a few days before it breaks down

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5
Q

Describe the pharyngeal arches

A
  • outer ectoderm covering
  • inner endoderm lining
  • mesenchyme centre
  • each arch has an associated cranial nerve, vessels + cartilage bar
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6
Q

What are the associated cranial nerves to the pharyngeal arches?

A
  • 1: trigeminal V
  • 2: facial VII
  • 3: glossopharyngeal IX
  • 4+6: vagus X
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7
Q

What are the associated aortic arches of the pharyngeal arches?

A

Same as their number

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8
Q

What are the associated muscles of the pharyngeal arches?

A

1 - muscles of mastication
2 - muscles of facial expression
3- stylopharngeus muscle
4+6 - pharyngeal + laryngeal muscles

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9
Q

What are the associated skeletal elements of the pharyngeal arches

A

1 - mandible, malleus + incus
2 - stapes + superior part of hyoid
3 - inferior part of hyoid
4+6 - laryngeal cartilages

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10
Q

List the associated structures with pharyngeal arch 1:
- nerve
- aoritc arch
- muscles
- skeletal elements

A
  • trigeminal nerve V
  • 1st aortic arch
  • muscles of mastication
  • mandible, malleus + incus
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11
Q

List the associated structures with pharyngeal arch 2:
- nerve
- aoritc arch
- muscles
- skeletal elements

A
  • facial VII
  • 2nd aortic arch
  • muscles of facial expression
  • stapes + superior part of hyoid
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12
Q

List the associated structures with pharyngeal arch 3:
- nerve
- aoritc arch
- muscles
- skeletal elements

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve IX
  • 3rd aoritc arch
  • stylopharyngeus
  • inferior part of hyoid
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13
Q

List the associated structures with pharyngeal arches 4+6:
- nerve
- aoritc arch
- muscles
- skeletal elements

A
  • vagus nerve X
  • 4th+6th aortic arch
  • pharyngeal + laryneal muscles
  • laryngeal cartilages
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14
Q

What are the aortic derivatives from the aortic arches?

A

1+2 - none
3 - common, internal + external carotid arteries
4 - aorta L + brachiocephalic R
6- pulmonary arteries

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15
Q

What are pharyngeal clefts?

A

Invaginations of ectoderm (outside)

Cleft - eCtoderm

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16
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

Inner spaces between the pharyngeal arches that form pockets of endoderm

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17
Q

What are the derivates of the pharyngeal pouches?

A

1 - tubotympanic recess > eustachian tube
2 - palatine tonsil
3+4 - parathyroid glands + thymus

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18
Q

What are the derivates of the pharyngeal clefts?

A
  • only the first cleft remains > external acoustic meatus
  • remaining clefts are obliterated by second cleft moving down over them
19
Q

What can form due to misobliteration of the pharyngeal clefts?

A

Branchial cysts, sinuses + fistulas

20
Q

What are the key components of development of the face?

A

Frontonasal process
Maxillary process
Mandibular process

21
Q

What does the frontonasal process become?

A

Forehead
Bridge of nose
Eyelids
Philtrum

22
Q

What does the maxillary process become?

A

Cheeks
Lateral upper lip
Lateral upper jaw
Sides of nose

23
Q

What does the mandibular process become?

A

Lower lip
Lower jaw

24
Q

Outline the development of the mouth

A
  • buccopharyngeal membrane disappears via apoptosis
  • stomodeum forms (end of foregut that forms the mouth)
25
Q

Outline the development of the nose

A
  • nasal placodes on either side of frontonasal process invaginate to form olfactory/nasal pits
  • these will become the nostrils
  • nasal processes + maxillary processes move medially + fuse to form the nose + philtrum in the midline
26
Q

What is a placode?

A

Ectodermal thickening in the cranial region of the embryo

27
Q

Outline the development of the mandible

A

Mandibular processes move medially + fuse

28
Q

Outline development of the palate

A
  • two palatal shelves grow from the internal side of the maxillary processes
  • fuse with the primary palate at the midline
  • this forms the secondary palate which separates the oral and nasal cavities
29
Q

What is cleft palate?

A

Failure of fusion of the palatal shelves in the midline

30
Q

What is a cleft lip?

A

Failure of fusion of the medial nasal process + maxillary process

31
Q

Outline the development of the ears

A
  • arise in association with 1st pharyngeal cleft (external acoustic meatus)
  • auricular hillocks (3 above-1st pharyngeal arch | 3 below-2nd pharyngeal arch) surround first pharyngeal cleft
  • these structures ascend to become external ear
32
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • condition that results from alcohol exposure during mother’s pregnancy
  • causes brain damage, growth problems + facial abnormalities
33
Q

What impact does fetal alcohol syndrome have on the development of ears?

A

Low set ears due to interference of ascent

34
Q

Outline the development of the tongue in regards to the pharyngeal arches

A
  • 1st: anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • 2nd+3rd posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • 4th+6th: epiglottis + glottis of larynx
35
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis of the tongue?

A

Demarcation between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue

36
Q

Innervation of the tongue

A
  • anterior 2/3: sensation from trigeminal nerve V | taste from facial VII
  • posterior 1/3: sensation + taste from glossopharyngeal IX
37
Q

What is foramen caecum?

A

The point where the thyroid gland develops from

38
Q

Where do the muscles of the tongue arise from?

A

Occipital somites
At level of hypoglossal nerve

39
Q

What is the motor supply of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

40
Q

Outline the development of the thyroid gland

A
  • originates from foramen caecum
  • thyroid diverticulum grows down > thyroglossal duct
  • as thyroid descends the thyroglossal duct breaks down
41
Q

What are thyroglossal cysts due to?

A

Failure of the thyroglossal duct to break down

42
Q

Abnormalities of the development of the thyroid gland

A
  • thyroglossal cysts: failure of the thyroglossal duct to breakdown
  • ectopic thyroid gland tissue can be left anywhere along the path of descent
43
Q

Investigation + diagnosis of thyroglossal cysts

A
  • fibrous band connects cyst to tongue
  • ask patient to stick their tongue out > cyst will elevate

HNN (24 decks)

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