Phonological Deveopment

Question 1

Consonants by age 2
(Crowe & McLeod, 2020)

Answer 1

p, b, m, w (bilabials); d, n, h (glottal)

Question 2

Consonants by age 3
(Crowe & McLeod, 2020)

Answer 2

Bilabials, glottals, +f, n, d +t, +y +k, +g, +ŋ (velars), glottal

Question 3

consonants by age 4
(Crowe & McLeod, 2020)

Answer 3

Bilabials, f +v (labiodentals), n,d, t, +s, +z, +l (alveolar) y, +ʃ, +tʃ, +dʒ, velars, glottal

Question 4

consonants by age 5
(Crowe & McLeod, 2020)

Answer 4

Bilabials, Labiodentals, + ð, alveolars, +ʒ, +r (palatal), velar, glottal

Question 5

consonants by age 6
(Crowe & McLeod, 2020)

Answer 5

Bilabials, labiodentals, +θ (interdentals), alveolars, palatal, velar, glottal

Question 6

Define: Coarticulation

Answer 6

The articulation of one sound is influenced by a preceding or following sound

example, while the sound /n/ of English normally has an alveolar place of articulation, in the word tenth it is pronounced with a dental place of articulation because the following sound, /θ/, is dental

Question 7

Clinical relevance of Coarticulation

Answer 7

relevance: sound might be more easily learned/produced correctly in one context than in
others

Question 8

Infant perception, high amplitude sucking

Answer 8

Used to obtain data on the discriminatory skills of infants from birth to 3-4 months of age

Infants can control the presentation of the speech stimulus by the rates of sucking on a pacifier attached to a pressure transducer

Increase in sucking is interpreted as an expression of awareness of the sound stimulus

Question 9

Infant perception, Visually reinforced head turn

Answer 9

Used with infants between 6 - 12 mo

background stimulus is presented followed by a minimally different stimulus and then the original background stimulus is repeated

Head turned toward the new stimulus is reinforced with the presentation of a lighted animated toy indicating that the infant is able to discriminate the two contrasting sounds

Question 10

Infant Production

Answer 10

anatomical structures affect infant vocal productions

children need to gain control of the laryngeal and articulatory structure to have the necessary precision to produce sounds

also requires maturation of the perceptual mechanisms

Question 11

Infant v Adult vocal tract

Answer 11

Relatively shorter pharyngeal cavity

Tongue positioned relatively farther forward in the oral cavity

A gradual instead of a right-angle bend in the oropharyngeal channel

High larynx

Question 12

Early stages of production (Oller, 1976, 1980)

Birth

Answer 12

Reflexive cry
Sounds while crying are nasalized (oral and nasal cavity and coupled)

Question 13

Early stages of production (Oller, 1976, 1980)

0 - 1 month

Answer 13

Phonation stage
Speech-like sounds are rare

Question 14

2-3 months

Early stages of production (Oller, 1976, 1980)

Answer 14

Goo or cooing stage

Velar (g, k, -ng) consonant-like sound are produced with some frequency

Question 15

4 - 6 months

Early stages of production (Oller, 1976, 1980)

Answer 15

Expansion stage

Child gains control of laryngeal and oral articulatory mechanisms

Playful use of squealing, growling, yelling, raspberry vocalizations

Adult-like vowels begin to be produced

Question 16

6 - 8 months

Early stages of production (Oller, 1976, 1980)

Answer 16

Canonical babbling

Appearance of the syllable production including a consonant and vowel often change in the repeated sequences

E.g. babababa mamamama dadadada

Question 17

8 - 10 months

Answer 17

Variegated babbling

Adult-like syllables w increasingly varied consonants and vowels (eg maadiibaadaa)

First attempt at adult words

Question 18

Intelligibility % at age 1

Answer 18

Expected 25%

Question 19

Intelligibility % at age 2

Answer 19

Expected 50%

Question 20

Intelligibility % at age 3

Answer 20

Expected 75%

Question 21

Intelligibility % at age 4

Answer 21

Expected 100%

They have acquired thr phonetically distinguishing features of the specific language spoken in the environment

Question 22

The transition of babble to speech

Answer 22