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Bio 100 > Study Guide Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Study Guide Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The seven properties of life:

A

1.- order
2.- response to environment
3.- regulation
4.- reproduction
5.-growth
6.- energy processing
7.- evolutionary adaptation

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2
Q

The three domains of life:

A

1.- Bacteria
2.- Archaea
3.- Eukarya

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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Cells do not contain a nucleus

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4
Q

Archaea

A

Cells do not contain a nucleus; they have a different cell wall from bacteria.

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5
Q

Eukarya

A

Cells do contain a nucleus, and divided in kingdoms (fungi, animals and plants)

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6
Q

The 10 levels of organization:

A
  1. Biosphere
  2. Ecosystem
  3. Community
  4. Population
  5. Organism
  6. Organs and organ system
  7. Tissue
  8. Cell
  9. Organelle
  10. Molecule
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7
Q

Emergent Properties

A

arise out of each increased level of complexity (eg. Ability to evolve arises when individual organisms combine to form populations.

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8
Q

Form and function

A

are tightly linked, is the relationship between the shape, size, and structure of an organism, and how that structure allows for actions that aid the organism in survival.

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9
Q

Simple structure of organic compounds

A
  • organic compounds, and they usually contains hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon.
  • The carbon backbone allows for many different shapes.
  • various functional groups can be attached to a backbone.
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10
Q

Macromolecules

A

Are Polymers, built from Monomers

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11
Q

Monomers

A

molecules that serve as building blocks

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12
Q

Polymers

A

Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers)

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13
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Occurs when Linked monomers together through the loss of water molecule.

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14
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Polymers are disassembled into monomers by this reactions, which are essentially the reverse of dehydration reactions. Break polymers into monomers.

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15
Q

What are the four building blocks of life?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids
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16
Q

Carbohydrate polymers can be also called?

A

Polysaccharides

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17
Q

What has in common carbohydrates & Monosaccharides?

A
  • Monosaccharides are the monomeric form of carbohydrates
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18
Q

Which Carbohydrate polymers (Polyccharides) are used to store energy?

A

starch and glycogen

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19
Q

Which Carbohydrate polymers (Polyccharides) are used for structural fibres?

A

Cellulose and chitin

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20
Q

What are the three types of Lipids (or Fats)?

A
  • Triacylglycerol (energy source and store in fat tissue)
  • Phospholipids (two fatty acids)
  • steroids (cholesterol)
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21
Q

Wha are Lipids?

A

large biological molecules that does not form polymers. They are hydrophobic (non polar)

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22
Q

Which are the roles of Lipids in energy storage?

A

Membrane formation and hormone signaling.

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23
Q

Lipids are Polymers?

A

No, they are not! They are hydrophobic.

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24
Q

What are proteins?

A

polymers composed of amino monomers.

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25
Q

Which are the four levels of Protein structure?

A
  • Primary structure: a protein is its unique amino acids sequence.
  • Secondary structure: coils and folds within the polypeptide chain.
  • Tertiary structure: determinate by interactions among various side chains (R groups).
  • Quaternary structure: a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains.
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26
Q

What do proteins do?

A
  • Enzymes (process that changes another molecule)
  • scaffolds
  • channels
  • gates
  • pumps
  • motors, etc
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27
Q

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

A

composed of nucleotide monomers.

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28
Q

Which are the five different nucleotide bases?

A
  • adenine, A
  • guanine, G
  • cytosine, C
  • thymine, T
  • uracil, U.
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29
Q

What are the four nucleotide bases that are part of DNA?

A
  • adenine, A
  • guanine, G
  • cytosine, C
  • thymine, T
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30
Q

What’s the nucleotide base that is part of RNA?

A
  • uracil (U)
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31
Q

What can be found within DNA molecule?

A

Information can be stored by linking together nucleotides in a particular sequence, (genes)

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32
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • oldest cell type
  • small and simple
  • lack of nucleus
  • lack of organelles
  • single-celled
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33
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • evolve from prokaryotes
  • large and more complex
  • contain nucleus
  • contain organelles
  • single-celled or multicellular
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34
Q

What is the molecular makeup of plasma membrane?

A
  • 50% lipid
  • 50% protein
  • carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins constituting 5 to 10% of the membrane mass
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35
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Provides protection
  • transports nutrients in
  • transports toxic substances out
36
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • they are made of protein
  • could be found in animal and plant cell
  • carries DNA
37
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • the cellular machinery responsible for making proteins.
  • is made of RNA and protein
  • is responsible of protein synthesis
38
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.
  • is responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage.
39
Q

Eukaryotic organelles

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
40
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Information Center for the cell
  • contains DNA
41
Q

Ribosomes

A

Responsible of making proteins.

42
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • no ribosomes on surface
  • lipid synthesis and some synthesis of hormones.
  • packaging of proteins and lipids for delivery to Golgi apparatus.
43
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • has ribosomes on surface
  • primary site of protein synthesis by ribosomes.
44
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Is responsible of refines, packages, and ships macromolecular products.

45
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digests damaged organelles and cellular debris

46
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces energy (power plant of the cell)

47
Q

Similarities that Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes have?

A
  • have DNA
  • have ribosomes
  • have cytoplasm
  • have plasma membrane
48
Q

Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton

A

Provides internal scaffolding or organization of the cell

49
Q

Roles and composition of Microtubules?

A
  • Role in determine cell shape, cell movements, forms of cell locomotion, intracellular transport of organelles, an separation of chromosomes in cell division.
  • composition of a single type of globular protein, called tubulin
50
Q

Roles and composition of Microfilaments?

A
  • Roles are assist with cell movement, or muscle cell contractions.
  • the composition is two stands of actin monomers twisted into helical filaments that have intrinsic polarity.
51
Q

Which are the types of cell-cell connections or junctions?

A
  • tight junctions
  • adhesion junctions/spot desmosomes
  • gap junctions
52
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • seal plasma membranes tightly together
  • digestive tract lining, bladder lining
53
Q

Adhesion junctions/spot desmosomes

A
  • buttons that keep the plasma membrane in place .
  • permit some movement between cells
  • allow tissues to stretch and bend
  • skin
54
Q

Gap junctions

A
  • protein channels with movement of materials between cells.
  • liver and heart.
55
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A
  • extracellular connective space between cells
  • composed of glycoproteins (proteins bound with carbohydrate chains)
  • the abundant glycoprotein is collagen (formed into long fibres)
  • collagen fibres are then embedded in matrix of proteoglycans.
  • cells are enforced to matrix by membrane proteins known as integrins.
56
Q

Tissue

A

Integrate groups of similar cells that perform a common function.

57
Q

Additional concepts to highlight

A

Protein manufacture, modification and shipping are core processes within a cell.

58
Q

Additional concepts to highlight

A

Dynamic assembly and disassembly is a key property of microtubule/microfilament based cytoskeletal elements.

59
Q

Additional concepts to highlight

A

Motor proteins interact with cytoskeletal elements to mediate movement of and within the
cell.

60
Q

What’s the formation of biological membranes?

A

They are based of lipids

61
Q

What’s fluid mosaic model of membranes?

A

Describes the structure of plasma membrane as a mosaic of components — including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates— that gives the membrane a fluid character.

62
Q

Passive transport

A

Transports a substance without having to expand energy, because it relies in diffusion, osmosis.

63
Q

Active transport

A

Energy is required, Involves movement of molecules from a lower to height concentration against the use of external energy

64
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from a region of high to low concentration.

65
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules from a solution with high concentration of water to a solution with lower concentration of water molecules, though the cell’s partially permeable membrane.

66
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The process in which a substance moves through a semipermeable membrane or in a solution without any help from transport proteins.

67
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane.

68
Q

How is active transport different and uses energy?

A

Uses energy to transport molecules across the plasma, It requires the use of energy (in the form of ATP)

69
Q

Endocytosis and their function

A

Process in which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

70
Q

Exocytosis and their function

A

The process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid, also removes toxins or waste products from the cell’s interior.

71
Q

Cell division - Single celled organisms

A

In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the entire organism, (division=reproduction)

72
Q

Cell division - Multicellular organisms

A

Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for (division=growth/replacement)
– Growth and development
– Repair/ renewal
- Canacer

73
Q

Cell division

A

Before division, the chromosomes must be replicated.

74
Q

Main distinctions between Binary fission and mitosis;

A
  • Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction which single-called organisms, usually prokaryotes, use to create a copy of themselves.
  • Mitosis is a cell division that results in two identical daughter cells and is primarily used for growth of an organism.
75
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

ensures that all chromosomes are correctly divided

76
Q

Interphase

A

-(cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division)
-90% (or more) of typical animal cell’s life
- Time spent in each phase varies for different tissues,
different organisms.
- In a cell with a 24 hour cell cycle
Interphase can be divided into sub-phases
– G1 phase (“first gap”)
– S phase (“synthesis”)
– G2 phase (“second gap”)

77
Q

Mitotic phase

A

• 1 to 1.5 hr
• basic steps are conserved throughout the eukaryotes;
• dominated by rearrangements of the cytoskeleton

78
Q

Mitosis

A

is conventionally divided into five phases
– Prophase
– Prometaphase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
• Cytokinesis overlaps latter stages of mitosis

79
Q

Diploid

A

The presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosomes to each pair.

80
Q

23

A

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

81
Q

46

A

In all 23 from the mom and 23 from the father = 46 chromosomes

82
Q

44 +2

A

44 autonomies and 2 sex chromosomes

83
Q

Cancer

A

In cancer the cell cycle is dysregulated due to mutations .

84
Q

Dysregulated mitosis

A

Is the common feature of all cancers.

85
Q

Replication

A

Is the synthesis of an identical copy of the chromosomes. It occurs during the life of the cell prior to cell division.

86
Q

Differences between homologous chromosomes & replicated chromosomes

A
  • homologous groomsmen consist of one chromosomes from each parent. 23 from each parent.
  • replicated chromosomes during s place each chromosome is replicated.
87
Q

What’s the key to populations and evolution?

A

Generic variability created by sexual reproduction is the key.

Bio 100 (13 decks)

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