Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Question 1

What do annelids include?

Answer 1

-Leeches
-Earthworms

Question 2

Segmentation

Answer 2

the subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated part, a nervous system, and a closed circulatory system

Question 3

Closed circulatory system

Answer 3

blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout the body.

Question 4

Open circulatory system

Answer 4

Blood is pumped through vessels into open body parts

Question 5

Arthropods include:

Answer 5

crayfish
lobsters
crabs
barnacles
spiders
ticks
insects

Question 6

Arthropod features

Answer 6

-segmentation
-exoskeleton
-jointed appendages
-sheds exoskeleton

Question 7

Molting/ecdysis

Answer 7

shedding exoskeleton

Question 8

How do arthropods have such success?

Answer 8

-body segmentation
-exoskeleton
-jointed appendages
-flight
-waterproof cuticle
-complex life cycle with short generations and large numbers of offspring

Question 9

What species to Echinoderms include?

Answer 9

-sea star
-sand dollar
-sea urchins

Question 10

Qualities of Echinoderms

Answer 10

– slow-moving or sessile,
– all marine,
– radially symmetrical as adults, and
– deuterostomes

Question 11

Deuterostomes

Answer 11

the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, whereas in protostomes, it becomes the mouth; same for chordates)

Question 12

Features of Chordates

Answer 12

– a dorsal, hollow nerve cord,
– a flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod, the notochord,
– pharyngeal slits, and
– a muscular post-anal tail.

Question 13

What phylum do humans belong to?

Answer 13

Chordata

Question 14

Hagfish and Lamprey features:

Answer 14

-have rudimentary vertebrae,
-have a notochord for the body’s main support, and
-lack hinged jaws.

Question 15

What animals are included in jawed vertebrates with paired gills and fins?

Answer 15

SHARKS, Ray-Finned Fishes,
and Lobe-Finned Fishes

Question 16

When did jawed vertebrates appear?

Answer 16

440 MYA

Question 17

How did jaws evolve?

Answer 17

Jaws may have evolved by
modifications of skeletal supports of
the anterior pharyngeal (gill) slits.

Question 18

What is the purpose of gills?

Answer 18

The remaining gill slits remained as sites of gas exchange(extracting oxygen from water)

Question 19

Chondrichthyans

Answer 19

• flexible skeleton made primarily of cartilage

Question 20

Ray-finned fishes

Answer 20

skeleton made of bone

Question 21

lobe-finned fishes

Answer 21

have a series of rod-shaped
bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins

Question 22

examples of Chondrichthyans

Answer 22

SHARKS, skates, rays have a fexible skeleton made of cartilage

Question 23

examples of Ray-finned fishes

Answer 23

tuna, trout, and goldfish, have a skeleton made of bone

Question 24

examples of lobe-finned fishes

Answer 24

coelacanths and lungfishes, have
a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral
and pelvic fins

Question 25

Features of amphibians

Answer 25

– include salamanders, frogs, and
caecilians,
– use their moist skins to supplement
their lungs for gas exchange,
– often have poison glands in their skins,
– usually lay their eggs in water,
– undergo metamorphosis from a larval
stage to the adult form, and
– were the first tetrapods to colonize
land

Question 26

features of Reptiles

Answer 26

– include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and
extinct dinosaurs,
– have a skin covered with scales and waterproofed with
keratin,
– obtain most of their oxygen using lungs, and
– are often ectothermic, absorbing external heat rather
than generating much of their own.

Question 27

ectothermic

Answer 27

absorbing external heat rather then generating much more of their own

Question 28

4 features of an Amniotic egg

Answer 28

1. The amnion is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the
   embryo.
2. The yolk sac contains a rich store of nutrients for the
   developing embryo.
3. The chorion (and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain
   oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide.
4. The allantois also helps dispose of metabolic waste.

Question 29

birds are…

Answer 29

-feathered reptiles
-endothermic
-complex breeders
-dinosaurs

Question 30

endothermic

Answer 30

using
heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady
body temperature.

Question 31

Birds evolved from…

Answer 31

a lineage of small, two-legged
dinosaurs called theropods

Question 32

what are the features of mammals?

Answer 32

-endothermic
-hair
-mammary glands
-efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
-differentiated teeth for a variety of diets

Question 33

Monotremes

Answer 33

egg-laying mammals

Question 34

Marsupials

Answer 34

have a brief gestation and give birth to tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development while
attached to the mother’s nipples

Question 35

Eutherians

Answer 35

bear fully developed live young

Question 36

What are the features of primates?

Answer 36

Primate characters include
– limber joints,
– grasping hands and feet with flexible digits,
– a short snout, and
– forward-pointing eyes that enhance depth perception.

Question 37

Paleoanthropology

Answer 37

the study of human origins and
evolution, focuses on the tiny slice of biological history that
has occurred since the divergence of human and
chimpanzee lineages from their common ancestor.

Question 38

hominins

Answer 38

species more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees

Question 39

Anatomy

Answer 39

is the study of the form of an organism’s structures.

Question 40

Physiology

Answer 40

is the study of function of those structures.

Question 41

Tissues

Answer 41

are integrated groups of similar cells that perform a common function.

Question 42

Organs

Answer 42

perform a specific task and consist of two or
more tissues.

Question 43

Organ systems

Answer 43

consist of multiple organs that
together perform a vital body function.

Question 44

What are the four main types of tissues?

Answer 44

1. epithelial tissue,
2. connective tissue,
3. muscle tissue, and
4. nervous tissue.

Question 45

Epithelial tissues

Answer 45

sheets of closely
packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal
organs and cavities.

Question 46

Connective tissue

Answer 46

consists of a sparse population of cells
scattered throughout a matrix.