Social Indluence

Question 1

,Normative social influence

Answer 1

When people change their behaviour in order to fit in with a group or to be liked

Question 2

Types of conformity

Answer 2

Internalisation

Identification

Compliance

Question 3

Informational social influence

Answer 3

Type of conformity

Occurs when and individual accepts information from others as evidence of reality

More likely to occur when the situation is ambiguous

Question 4

Variables affecting conformity

Answer 4

Group size

Unanimity

Task difficulty investigated by asch

Question 5

Variables affecting conformity

Answer 5

Group size

Unanimity

Task difficulty investigated by asch

Question 6

What is informational influence motivated by

Answer 6

desire to be correct

Question 7

Why people conform

Answer 7

To be liked

To be right

Question 8

Informational influence process

Answer 8

1)need for certainty

2)subjective uncertainty -way you feel

3)need for information

4)refer to social group

5)internalisation =private beliefs are likely to change along with public behaviour

Question 9

Conformity

Answer 9

Process of yielding to the majority influence

Change in a behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure

Myers’s 1999

When a person does what everyone else is doing because they feel a pressure to go along

Some people internalise the idea and genuine,y believe it’s the right thing to do

Question 10

Explanation for conformity

Answer 10

Informational social influence

Normative social influence

Question 11

Internalisation

Answer 11

Deepest form of conformity where you change your behaviour because you think that the majority is correct where you adopt the groups attitude and leads to public and private acceptance of groups behaviour and the group does not have to be present

Eg.religion

Question 12

Anderson et al 1982

Answer 12

Cultural norms eg women body are influenced by availability of food

Scarce women do not care about being heavy body size

Not influenced by society

Diff in western cultures where food is high complying with social norms of western culture

Question 13

Identifications three marks

Answer 13

When we identify with a group we value we want to become a part of it

This redu,te in a public change of behaviour

Privately we may not It agree with everything the group

Question 14

Compliance

Answer 14

Kelman 1958

When you change your behaviour even though you don’t believe or agree with what majority does

Accepted avoid disapproval

Type of conformity

Superficial type of conformity

Doesn’t tend to happen in private

Doesn’t change underlying attitudes

Weakest type not permanent or internal

Question 15

Normative influence motivated by

Answer 15

Need to fit in with group

Question 16

Identification

Answer 16

Change behaviour and beliefs min order to fit in and belong with a group

Conforming to a role that u play eg.daughter,job

Certain period o time

Away from group I revert back to old ways

Can be in private so stronger than compliance

Question 17

What’s does informational influence and normative influence lead to. Deutsch and Gerard

Answer 17

Compliance

Internalisation

Question 18

What is compliance 3marks

Answer 18

Going along with others in public but probately not vhs bing opnions or behaviour

Question 19

Deutsch and Gerard 1955

Answer 19

Dual process model of conformity

Question 20

Evidence for normative influence

Answer 20

Women’s perceptions of their ideal body size is a major issue in western society, where slim And thin mode,e have a normative influence

Question 21

Deutsch and Gerard 1955

Answer 21

Dual process model of conformity

Question 22

Evidence for normative influence

Answer 22

Women’s perceptions of their ideal body size is a major issue in western society, where slim And thin mode,e have a normative influence

Question 23

Evidence ISI (ao3)

Answer 23

Lucas et al (2006)

Found participants conformed more often to incorrect answers they were given when the maths problems were difficult

Question 24

Evidence for NSI Schultz et al 2008

Answer 24

Hotel guests were more likely to reuse their towels of told that other guests reused their towels

Question 25

n Afillstor

Answer 25

People who have a strong need for affiliation

Question 26

Alternative explanations of conformity

Answer 26

Dispositions factors

Personality

Links to n affiliatores

Question 27

Evidence for NSI linkenbach and Perkins 2003

Answer 27

Adolescents exposed to messages suggesting their peers didn’t smoke were likely to start smoking

Question 28

What did asch do in 1951

Answer 28

Set up a situation in which there was an obvious right answer to a simple task

See whether an individual would conform when the other group members gave a clear wrong answer

Question 29

When was asch study

Answer 29

1950

Question 30

What was asch aim

Answer 30

To investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform

Question 31

Asch procedure

Answer 31

labexperiment

123 male students task of visual perception’

participants’ were seated in groups around a large table

The experimenter showed them 2 cards:

– One card showed the standard line

– The other card showed 3 comparison line

Repeated 18 times

Always a. Easyznd obvious answer

Used confecerated to give the same wrong answer in 12/18 trials (critical trials)

Participant second to last

Question 32

Replicability

Answer 32

The study van be repeated in order to check if it was reliable

Question 33

Low ecological validity

Answer 33

The findings can’t be generalised to real-life

situations because…

• …the situation is artificial (lab experiment)

in real-life situations, conformity usually takes place when individuals are in groups with whom they have long-lasting ties e.g. friends, family, colleagues

Question 34

Asch evaluation

Answer 34

Replicable

Lab experiments

Low ecological validity

Informed consent

Question 35

McGhee and teevan 1967

Answer 35

Found that students who were nAfilliators were more likely to conform

So nsi more relevant for some people than others

Question 36

Informed consent

Answer 36

Participants should be given the opportunity to provide their fullyInformed consent

Question 37

Asch findings

Answer 37

Overall conformity rate was 37%

5% of the participants gave the same wrong answer as the confederates on all 12 critical trials

25% of the participants remained independent and gave the correct answer on all 12 critical trials

Question 38

How did the participants explain why they conformed

Answer 38

Said they doubted their own eyes

they knew the other group members were wrong but conformed because they did not want to stand out

Demonstrates compliance to majority influence

Question 39

Size of majority affect

Answer 39

Effect on level of conformity

1 confederate wrong answer 4% conformity rate

3 confederate conforming leads 31.8%

Question 40

Unanamity of majority

Answer 40

More important dissent -disagree with majority which reduces conformity

If someone said correct answer then participant more likely to say correct 33 to 5%

Question 41

Factors affecting asch

Answer 41

Child of its time

Problems Determining affect of group size

Independent behaviour rather than conformity

Unconvincing confederates

Cultural differences in conformity

Question 42

child of it’s time

Answer 42

1956 McCarthyism anti communism

People not going against majority

Less likely to conform

Conformity is more likely if the perceived costs of conforming are high which would have been the case in this era

Question 43

Problems determining effect of group size

Answer 43

Asch concluded that majority size three sufficient for max influence

No other studied than asch have used 9 or more busybody 2-4

Means we know very little about th effect of larger majority sizes on conformity levels

Question 44

Problems determining effect of group size

Answer 44

Asch concluded that majority size three sufficient for max influence

No other studied than asch have used 9 or more busybody 2-4

Means we know very little about th effect of larger majority sizes on conformity levels

Question 45

Independent behaviour rather than cinfomirty

Answer 45

2/3 of the trials the participants stuck to their original judgement despite being faxes with an overwhelming majority expressing a diff view

Question 46

Unconvincing confederate

Answer 46

Pose serious validity to th study

Question 47

Cultural differences

Answer 47

Important cultural differences in cinfomirty and we might therefore expect different results doeendtsn on the culture where the study takes place

Arkuanand kitsya 1991 suggest reason for higher Keble of cinfomirty in collective cultures because it’s favoured to form a social flue to bind communities

Question 48

Results of zimbardo

Answer 48

Pathological prisoners syndrome

The loss of personal identity

Dependency and emasculation

Arbitrary control excersise by guards

One prisoner went on hunger strike as protest

5 prisoners released earlier due to extreme emotional reactions

Question 49

Zimbardo conclusion

Answer 49

The study rejects the dispositional hypothesis.

The behaviour of the ‘normal’ students who had been randomly assigned to each condition was influenced by the role they had been assigned to the extent that they seemed to believe in their assigned position

Question 50

Strengths of zimbardo

Answer 50

Mundane realism-very realistic some people believe it was realistic some didn’t as it was in a basement in a uni and yhrt may have known this

No control

Very scientific. Hr controlled variables and most of his data was qualitative and quantitative and was attained through video ,audio tape and questionnaires

Question 51

Zimbardo criticism

Answer 51

Validity affected as he was a warden so it may have research bias and the sample was non representative as it was only men American students and therefore cannot generalise to others

Has got ecological validity and representative of prisons

Question 52

Banuazizi and Mohavedi 1975

Answer 52

Argued that the prisinirs were okay acting rather than informing to a role

Their performances were said to be based of stereotypes of how prisinorsand guards were supposed to behave

Zimbardo argues this by reporting 90% The behaviour of the ‘normal’ students who had been randomly assigned to each condition was influenced by the role they had been assigned to the extent that they seemed to believe in their assigned position

Question 53

Dispositional vs situational influencEs

Answer 53

• Fromm (1973) accused Zimbardo of exaggerating the power of the situation to influence behaviour which minimised the role of personality (dispositional factors).

• Only a third of the guards acted in a brutal way. The other guards either treated them fairly or even helped the prisoners by offering them privileges and cigarettes.

• This suggests that Zimbardo’s conclusion that all participants were conforming to social roles as an exaggeration

Question 54

Lack of research support

Answer 54

The BBC Prison Study experiment conducted in 2006 concluded very different findings to the Stanford Prison Experiment.

• It was the prisoners who eventually took control of the mock prison and subjected the guards to harassment.

But

• Social Identity theory would argue that this due to the fact that the guards didn’t form a united social identity but the prisoners did. This means that the prisoners saw themselves as a stronger social group who could control the divided guards

Question 55

Was zimbardo unethical

Answer 55

Only deception was the arrest

They signed consent forms

Debriefing were held

He stopped early the info gained was worth it

Question 56

Ethical guidelines

Answer 56

1)does end justify means

2)consent

3)confidentially

4)deception debriefing

5)protection of participants

6)right to withdraw

Question 57

How conformity to social role effect can explain events in abu ghraib

Answer 57

A military prison in Iraq notorious for torture and abuse by us soldiers

Believed that the guards were victims of situation, factors that made abuse more likely

Eg.lack of training ,unrelenting boredom and no accountability to higher authorities

Opportunity to misuse power

Question 58

6 main ethical principles

Answer 58

Informed consent

Protection from harm

Right to withdraw

Protection from harm

Confidentiality

Debriefing

Deception

Question 59

Obedience

Answer 59

Obedience is performing a behaviour ordered from another person. The person who gives the instruction usually has power or authority.

Question 60

Milhram experiment 1963

Answer 60

He wanted to find out whether the idea that the Germans were different and more obedient as a race (the view of many historians) was correct.
Shows situational theory of obedience

Question 61

Was mikgrams exp more disoodtiinwl or situational

Answer 61

Milgram believed that the reasons the Germans committed horrendous acts may have been due to the situation they were placed in (situational hypothesis) ,

Question 62

Dispositional

Answer 62

rather than anything dispositional (innate) about them as a race.
Born with these qualities

Question 63

Before the epxermine began what did he tell them

Answer 63

• Milgram asked a variety of groups, including psychiatrists and students, how many people they thought would obey completely.
• The maximum number of shocks thatcouldbe delivered to the ‘learner’ was 30, starting at 15 volts.
• Therefore, if someone gave 30 shocks this would equate to 450 volts!
– 150v is enough to seriously injure a human – 250v is enough to kill a human

Question 64

What psychiatrist predicted vs what actually happened

Answer 64

Predicted that only 2.6% would continue to administer a shock up to 240 volts but actually 65% did so it seems obedience is stronger than conformity

Question 65

Summary of milgrams experiment

Answer 65

• Hypothesis – German’s are different . Could situational context lead to ordinary people inflicting harm on others?
• Research Method – Laboratory Experiment in liaison with Yale University
• Procedure- 40 male pps (20-50yrs)
• Volunteer sample (deceptive advert)
• Paid

Question 66

Participants believed that they were randomly chosen as either teacher or learner but off they are all teachers and met a confederate “mr Wallace”and the “experimenter”

Question 67

The set up

Answer 67

E: The experimenter. Dressed in a white lab coat works for Yale University
S: The real participant who is labelled as the ‘teacher’.
Volunteer in an experiment on punishment and learning.
A: The confederate labelled as the ‘learner’. A person who is really part of the experimenter

Question 68

Statistics for mikgrwm

Answer 68

65% went up to 450 v
-all gave 300v
Experimenter prodded to continue saying “please continue” “the experiment reuwiree u to continue “
Takes away their agency
Ended after participant walked out or 450v

Question 69

One sweakness for milgram

Answer 69

Low internal validity
Didn’t test what he wanted to test
Reported that 75% of participants said they believed shocks were genuine
However Charles Holland and martinorne agreed that some participants did not believe that the set up was genuine
2/3 were disobedient
Shows that participants were trying to respond to demand characteristic which is to fulfill the study

Question 70

Ethical issue for milgram

Answer 70

The participants in the study were deceived as they believed they had been randomly allocated their roles as learner or teacher but this is not the case as the roles were fixed they also thought the shocks were real but to help this milgram debriefed them after

Question 71

One strength form milgram

Answer 71

It was repeated for a rv show and it shows participant behaviour as anxious as they were biting nails and nervous laughter this shows it was not a one off and results are reliable and it supports his original findings about obedience and authority and demonstrates his findings were not due to special circumstances

Question 72

Deception -milgrams defence

Answer 72

Participants not told the true nature of study.
Milgram said this was necessary to create experimental reslism

Question 73

Right to withdraw - milgrams defence

Answer 73

Participants ordered to continue, were not really free to leave
Milgram said that they were told at the start that they could leave and that they would be paid regardless. He also predicted that they would refuse to obey

Question 74

Distress - milgrams defence

Answer 74

Milgram said that the stress was not deliberate. Participants recovered well – 84% said they were glad to have participated.
All participants reunited with the actor-learner and assured no shocks had taken place. Were told their behaviour was completely normal.
1 year later were assessed by an impartial psychologist and no harm was done

Question 75

Ao3 strengths milgram

Answer 75

Real life application - nazi germany,holocaust,millitary
Use of lab conditions and high standardised procedure means high level of control of extraneous variables
Raised reliability of experiment

Question 76

Why milgrams was bad Ao3

Answer 76

Ethics: Deception, Participants were told they were participating in a study on learning. Lead to lack of informed consent. It is not clear if they knew they had the right with withdraw.
Ethics: Protection from Psychological harm. Participants suffered emotional strain.
Individual Differences: Variation between cultures.
Internal Validity: How do we know we were really measuring true obedience? Orne (1968) suggests people may have been going along with it, Demand characteristics may have had an effect.
Ecological Validity/Generalisability: Is the experiment representative of real life situations?

Question 77

Mil gram irl

Answer 77

Hofling et al (1966)
• Field experiment (hospital)
• Nurses were telephoned by Dr Smith who asked them to give a drug to a patient.
• Nurses should not take orders over the phone and the dosage was double.
• 95% did as requested.
• This shows that obedience does take place in real life setting

Question 78

Internal validity

Answer 78

The extent to which you can be confident that a cause and effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained by other factors

Question 79

Factors affecting obedience

Answer 79

Proximity
Location
uniform

Question 80

Mil gram and sitsutstion variables

Answer 80

Carried out large number of variations to investigate the SITUATIONAL VARIABLES that might create greater or lesser obedience. For each you need the % of fully obedient participants.

Question 81

Proximity 1)

Answer 81

three different variations – changing the proximity between teacher and learner/teacher and experimenter.
1. Teacher and learner in the same room Obedience dropped from 65% to 40%

Question 82

Proximity 2)

Answer 82

three different variations – changing the proximity between teacher and learner/teacher and experimenter.
2. Touch proximity condition: teacher had to force the learners hand down onto an electrocuting plate.
Obedience dropped to 30%

Question 83

Proximity 3)

Answer 83

three different variations – changing the proximity between teacher and learner/teacher and experimenter.
3. Remote instruction condition: experimenter leaves the room and gives the teacher instructions via telephone Obedience reduced to 20.5%

Question 84

Why obedience decreased in milgram

Answer 84

When the teachers is closer to the learner and away from the experimenter, obedience levels drop

Question 85

Locatio. Affecting obedience

Answer 85

The study was moved from the prestigious, Yale University to a run down building.
Obedience dropped to 47.5% - still high, but less than the baseline study.

Question 86

Uniform affecting obedience

Answer 86

The experimenter in the original study wore a white/grey lab coat which represented authority (science).
In the variation, the experimenter is called away suddenly and an ‘ordinary member of the public’ in every day clothes took over.
Obedience drops to 20%

Question 87

Evaluation of mil grams variations

Answer 87

Bickman (1974) carried out a field study where an experimenter approached passers by on a city street and asked them to carry out small, inconvenient tasks.
The experimenter was dressed either in a jacket and tie or a guard’s uniform.
Bickman found that PPs were twice as likely to obey the orders when the experimenter was dressed in a uniform.
Supports Milgram’s conclusion that a uniform conveys the authority of the wearer and is more likely lead to obedience.

Question 88

Evaluation of milgram

Answer 88

Cross cultural replications
Low internal validity
Ignored dispositional explanations

Question 89

Cross cultural replication

Answer 89

A strength of milgram find8gs have been replicated in other cultures
Meeus and raajimakers used a more rea,Kay procedure than milgram study
Dutch
Pps ordered to say stressful things In an interview to someone (confederate) desperate for job
90% of the participants obeyed

Question 90

Smith and bond 1999

Answer 90

Argues that replications are not very cross cultural
Only two of the replications took place in non western counties (India and Jordan)
Therefore not accurate to say milgram findings apply to all ppl in diff cultures

Question 91

Milgram low internal validity

Answer 91

Ome and Holland 1968
Argued participants were aware that procedure was faked
They point out that this would be the case in variation as well

Question 92

Evidence supporting milgram replications

Answer 92

Reality TV show – Game of Death. Replication of Milgram’s study – a TV show where Ps were asked to give electric shocks to other members of the audience (confederates).
80% of Ps delivered the max shocks (460 volts) to an apparently unconscious man.
Supports Milgram’s findings and conclusions – People will do inhumane things in certain situations.
Audience took responsibility
Less accountable

Question 93

Agentic state

Answer 93

-mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an authority figure
-frees us from demand ds of our consciences and allows us to obey a destructive authority

Question 94

autonomous state

Answer 94

-goes to agent state this is an agent shift
-independent or free
opposite of agentic
-milgram suggest that this occurs when a person perceives someone else as a figure of authority
-social groups autonomy to agency

Question 95

binding factors

Answer 95

aspects of the situation that allow the individual to ignore or minimise the damaging effect of their behaviour and thus reduce moral strain they are feeling

-shifting responsibility
-denying damage

Question 96

legitimacy of authority

Answer 96

a position of authority sanctioned by the public
-uniform affects this

Question 97

application of milligram

Answer 97

massacre of my lai
1968 vietnam war
the soldiers were in an agent state as they tookmorders from a high ranking officer lt calley
they could therefore deny personal responsibility because they perceived them selves to be acting as agents
not following orders on their own conscience
not in autonomous state where thy cud behave freely
agent shift when they joined the army

Question 98

legitimacy authority

Answer 98

-structured hierarchy
the solider at my lai accepted tray lieutenant callow was entitled to expect their obedience because of his position in the army and power to punish
commanding attitude
outocme was obedience to destructive level.

Question 99

support for milgram

Answer 99

-blass and schmitt

Question 100

weakness research for milgram

Answer 100

-not all participants obeyed
-agebtic shift doesn’t explain howling et all study
nurse handed ver responsibility tp the doctor
did not experience anxiety like in milgram
agent shift can only account for some situations of obedience

Question 101

cultural differences of milhram

Answer 101

kilham and mahn 1974
replicated milligrams procedure in Australia
only 16% went all the way up to 450
mantel 1971-german 85%
increase validity

Question 102

authoritarian personality

Answer 102

a collection of traits developed from rigid parenting
eg.conformists.
obedient

Question 103

authoritarian personality Adorno

Answer 103

-1950
-to investigate whether individuals with an authoritarian personality are more likely to obey people of perceived higher status
-2000 middle class white Americans and their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups
used the f scale

Question 104

how adorno developed f scale

Answer 104

adorno developed an attitude questionnaire which became known as f scale

scale measures 1)conventionalism and 2)preoccupation with power

Question 105

findings of the authoritarian personality

Answer 105

people who scored high are identified with strong people and were contemptuous of the weak

showed blind respect to power people

cognitive style where they categories people driven by stereotypes and prejudice

Question 106

Adornos theory of the authoritarian personality type

Answer 106

-blind allegiance to convention beliefs about right and wrong
-respect for submission to acknowledged authority
-preoccupation with violence and sex
-project rage on a segregated group
-strong need for leadership to uphold trad values

Question 107

How authoritarian personality is developed

Answer 107

Harsh parenting

Question 108

How harsh parenting causes authortian personality

Answer 108

Strict discipline
Loyal expectations
High standards
Unconditional love of parents even if they don’t agree with them
Rests hostility and despair in the child who displaces these feelings onto the weak

Question 109

Criticism of the f scale

Answer 109

Measurement relies on self report data which may be invalid due to social desirability bias

Greenstein 1969 the f-scale is a comedy of methologivsl errors
Every item worded in same direction
Rick agree in same side again and again and get a high authoritarian score

Question 110

Acquiescence bias

Answer 110

The tendency to simply agree with everything

Question 111

Research support for f scale

Answer 111

Milgram and elms 1966
Conducted an interview with a small sample of obedient participants who scored highly on the f scale
Results would indicate that the obedience was due to another variable eg.higher level of education

Question 112

Dispositional explanations

Answer 112

Explanation cannot easily account for obedience of entire social groups

Hyman and Sheatsley (1954) found that the Authoritarian Personality is more likely to exist among people who are less well educated and are of low economic social status.
• This may be the third variable!
• But these results are inconsistent with the explanation - these people should surely be considered the subordinates and the rebellious, not the “strict and oppressive!”
• So perhaps personality is NOT needed to explain obedience

Question 113

Outline the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience

Answer 113

Obedience is acting on behalf of an authority figure so someone with an authoritarian personality would obey the authority’s orders with no question about it it is due to strict rigid parenting.

Question 114

Outline how milgram investigated the effect of two situational factors on obedience

Question 115

internal locus of control

Answer 115

you make things happen
less conforming
less obedient
feel responsible for their actions

Question 116

external locuc of control

Answer 116

things happen to you
out of their control
luck, circumstances,other people

Question 117

who investigated locus of control

Answer 117

rotter 1966
a scale/continuom of I control the consequences of my behaviour to the consequences of my behaviour are outside of my control

Question 118

internal characterisitcs

Answer 118

-better academic
-better interpersonal relations
-lower cigs
greater effort to learn

Question 119

what locus of control refers to

Answer 119

how much control person feels they have in their own behaviour

Question 120

research support for locus of control

Answer 120

Theo avtgis 1998
found high externals more persuadable and conformist
mKE EXTERNALS MORE VULNERABLE to risk factors for addiction
more influenced by smoking

Question 121

milgram and locus of control

Answer 121

Charles holland
repeated baseline
found 37% of internals did not continue to highest level
whereas 23% of externals did not continue

Question 122

contradictory research for locus of control

Answer 122

Jean Twenge et al (2004) analysed data from American locus of control studies conducted over a a 40-year period (from 1960 to 2002). The data showed that, over this time span, people became more resistant to obedience but also more external. ​

​

Question 123

social support and conformity

Answer 123

social support can help people to resist conformity.​

Question 124

obedience and social support

Answer 124

Social support can help people resist obedience.​
In one of Milgram’s variations, the rate of obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when the genuine participant was joined by a disobedient confederate.

Question 125

albrechtt et al 2006

Answer 125

evaluated eight week programme to help pregnant adolescents aged between 14-19 resist peer pressure to smoke. Adolescents who had a ‘buddy’ were significantly less likely to smoke than a control group of participants who did not have a ‘buddy’.​

​

Question 126

research support resistance to conformity

Answer 126

Allen & Levine (1971) found that conformity decreased when there was one dissenter in an Asch-type study​

Question 127

minority social influence

Answer 127

a form of social influence where a minority of people persuades the majority group to adopt their beliefs, attitudes or behaviours this leads to internalisation
this is not conformity

Question 128

serge moscovici

Answer 128

investigated the power of minority influence and conducted a famous study research suggests that there are three`in processes in minority influence

Question 129

processes in minority influence

Answer 129

consistency
commitment
flexibility

Question 130

consistency

Answer 130

the minority views must be consistent in their opposite. to the majority

consistency is recognised as resolution ,certainty clarity of definition and coherence

Question 131

diachronic

Answer 131

where a person maintains a consistent position over time

Question 132

synchronic

Answer 132

where there is greatest among members of the minority groups

Question 133

commitment

Answer 133

minority is more powerful if they demonstrate their dedication to a cause eg. perhaps through personal sacrifice

Question 134

augmentation principle

Answer 134

if someone performs an action when there are known constraints his or her motive for acting are considered to be stronger the will to act with consequences

Question 135

balance between consistency and flexibility

Answer 135

being completely consistent all the time may actually give the impression that the minority is rigid and unbending which is undesirable
members of the minority group need to be prepared to ament their views and accept reasonable counterarguments

Question 136

the snowbell effect

Answer 136

the majority is influenced by the. minority radually – the original opinion is new and different. Following consistency, commitment and flexibility the individual becomes ‘converted’ – the more that are converted, the faster the rate of conversion. ​

Question 137

moscovivi et al 1968
group 1

Answer 137

group 1 - so people asked to view a set of 36 blue coloured slides that varied in intensity and then state whether the slides were blue or green

Question 138

moscovivi et al 1968 group 2

Answer 138

exposed to an inconsistent minority in this case agreement with the answer green fell to 1.25%

Question 139

moscovivi et al 1968 group 3

Answer 139

no confederate all participants had to was identify the colour of each slide they got this wrong on just 0.25 % of the trials

Question 140

moscovivi et al 1968 conclusion

Answer 140

a consistent minority opinions had a greater effect on changing the views of other people than an inconsistent opinion

Question 141

research support for moscoviv et all

Answer 141

woods et al 1994 meta analysis of 100 similar studies all showed more minority influence if the opinions were consistent

strong scientific support for the important role of consistent in minority influence

Question 142

robin Martin et al 2003

Answer 142

presented a message supporting a particular viewpoint and measured participants agreement

one group of participant then heard a minority group agree with initial view while another group heard a majority group agree with it

Participants were finally exposed to a conflicting view and measured again.​

People were less willing to change their opinions if they had listened to a minority group than if they had listened to a majority group.​

This suggests that the minority message had been more deeply processed and had a more enduring effect, supporting the central argument about how minority influence works.​

Question 143

example of commitment and flexibility

Answer 143

nelson
Jesus
greta
malala

Question 144

Jenny question

Answer 144

Jenny should sty consistent stick with her view and so its unwavering which shows others around her that she is serious and committed to this idea she should also highlight the fact that she has a risk of doing this and holding this view for example maybe getting fired and this also shows her commitment to her view
overtime this may snowballl and other members of the department may also hold the same view as her due to perhaps her class getting Bette grades and her view/ opinion seems more valid now

Question 144

role of minority influence

Answer 144

through social proof – the civil rights marches drew attention to the social problem by providing social proof.​

Question 145

role of minority influence exAMPLE

Answer 145

1)
all black neighbourhoods, all white schools and restaurants, segregation on buses and other public places. ​

Question 146

consistency of the minority influence

Answer 146

the motive and message transmitted from this minority group was resolute, certain and coherent. There was diachronic and synchronic consistency throughout their campaign. ​

Question 147

deeper processing of minority influence

Answer 147

The attention meant that people who have simply accepted the status quo began to think about the injustice of it. There was a realisation that the situation was unfair.​

Question 148

role of minority influence - the augmentation principle

Answer 148

there were many circumstances where people risked their lives for this cause. ​

E.G. The ‘Freedom Riders’ (mixed racial groups) would sit on buses (anywhere) to challenge the segregation. Many were beaten and there were incidents of mob violence following these campaigns. ​

Question 149

SNOWBALLING

Answer 149

the civil rights reform can be divided into several; phases each beginning with isolated small scale protests and ultimately resulting in th emergence of new more militant movements leaders and organisations

Question 150

social cryptomnesia

Answer 150

people have changed their opinion but they cannot remember how or when it happened
n other words, the content (the message) and the source (where it came from) become dissociated.​

Question 151

lessons from conformity

Answer 151

studies hy Asch have found that a dissenter in the majority group will likely lead to a drop in conformity

environmental and health campaigns exploit conformity processes by appealing to NSI and by providing info on what other people are doing. ​

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E.G. Advertising recycling by showing others doing it correctly. Or advertising a “walk to work” day – everyone is doing it! Promotes physical activity.​

Question 152

ball et al 2010

Answer 152

women who observe many others engaging in particular physical activity or eating behaviours may come to view these behaviours are ‘normative’ or socially desirable, and may adopt the same behaviours due either to a positive attitude about the behaviours, a shared belief in their value, and/or a strong social urge to confirm and ‘fit in’ to society.”​

Question 153

lessons from obedience research

Answer 153

destructive authority figures can have a terrible impact on human behaviour with people doing inhumane things to follow orders

eg the holocaust
started with the order of some verbal abuse and ended with the death of millions

Question 154

lessons from obedience research

Answer 154

Hofling et al​

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21 out of 22 nurses obeyed doctor’s instructions.​

Blind obedience!​

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Impact: The education of doctors and nurses now includes courses in psychology. More rigorous signing off procedures for administering drugs should have changed practice for the better.​

Question 155

supporting evidence for hofling et al social change

Answer 155

Nolan et al (2008)​
“Ever since the foundational work of social psychologists Asch (1987) and Milgram (1974) there has been a great deal of interest in the influence on behaviour of perceptions of ‘normal’. In social marketing, this has led to the development of the social norms approach; a marketing technique that attempts to influence behaviour by changing perceptions of what is normal.”​

Question 156

results of Nolan et al

Answer 156

found a significant decrease in energy consumption in group 1 which shows that NSI can influence social change.

Question 157

schults et al

Answer 157

Schultz et al 2008 also found that when a hotel advertised the following message, the guests were much more likely to reuse their bath towels:​

Question 158

evidence for schults et al

Answer 158

Nearly 75% of our guests chose to reuse their towels everyday. To support our guests who want to conserve, we have initiated a conservation program”. ​

Question 159

nemeth 1986

Answer 159

the effects of minority influence are indirect and delayed.​

​It has taken a long time to shift attitudes about smoking and drink driving. Do minorities really have that much of an influence?​

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The effects are fragile and sometimes, the effects are not seen for a long time. Limits the role of minority influence in social change

Question 160

barriers to social chnge

Answer 160

Basir et al (2013)- why do so many people resist social change? Even when they know the change is probably for the best?​
People may avoid influence of minority groups as they are associated with the stereotypical “radical” groups e.g. environmentalists and feminists.​

​Lessons for minority groups – do not behave in ways that reinforce the stereotype as this will be off putting. ​

Answer 161

One reason you would not obey is because the nurse is most likely not wearing her u form as she is outside of the hospital , this takes a way her symbol of legitimacy of authority and loses her credibility and trust so people will not obey.
Location affects obedience. The nurse is in a shop not a hospital and is not in a notable institution which also loses her credibility therefore people are less likely to obey her as they may not truly believe she is a nurse.