approaches Flashcards
learning apparoach 1examplea
1)behaviourist approach- social learning thoery
2)cognitive approach
3)the biological approach
4)the psychodynamic approach
5)humanistic psyhcology
what is the behaviourist approach
classical conditioning and Pavlov’s research, operant conditioning, types of reinforcement and Skinner’s research.
what is the social leaerning theory
limitation, identification, modelling, vicarious reinforcement, the role of mediational processes and Bandura’s research.
what is the cognitive approach
study of internal mental processes, the role of schema, the use of theoretical and computer models to explain and make inferences about mental processes. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience.
what was psychology known as
17th-18th cent-experimental phikosophy
who influecned psycholigy
rene descartes and his concept of cartesian dualism
brain not same as mind
empiricism
john locke
all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and can be studied using the scientifiv method
evolutuonary theory
behaviour is an adapticve repsonse
survival of the fittest
wilhem wundt
open first psych lap germany
study structure of human mind
break down behaviours into basic elements
structuralism
introspection
wundt
‘looking into’
ppts asked refelct on their own cognitive processes and descrieb them
established psychology as a sxience by using a scientific method
wundts scientific methods assumptions
-all behaviour is seen as beung caused
-if behaviour is determined then it shoes be possible to predict how human beings would behave in diff conditions
what makes something replicBLE
A standardised procedure
objective
it is not affected by the personal feelings and experiences of the researcher.
can introspection be scientific
-relies primary on non observable responses
-introspection produced data that was subjective
behaviourism
-rejects introspection
-early behavipurist such as watson rejected intos[ection as unobservable
-argued we can only measure behaviour we can see
hunter 2003
used introspection to study happiness in their work in the area of positive psychology
griffiths 1994
used introspection to study the cognitive processes of fruit machine gamblers
asked them to think aloud whilst playing a fruit machine into mic
4 goals of psychology
1)description
2)explanation
3)predictioin
4)change
description
tells us what occurred
explanation
tells us why a behaviour or a mental process occurred
prediction
indentifies conditions under whcih a future behaviour or mental process is likely to occur
strengths of the scientific approach
-knowledge acquired using scientific methods are more than just the passive acceptance of facts
-causes of behaviour can be established through the use of methods that are empirical and replicable
-scientiifc knowledge is self corrective meaning tht it can be redined or abondend
weakness of the scientific spproach
- scientific psychologists create contrived situations that create artifical behaviours
-mushc of the subject matter of psychology is unobersvable therefore cannot be measured with any degree of accuracy
-not all psychologists share the view tha human behaviour can be explored through scientifci methods
operant conditioning- addiction
comes about because of reinforcing power of pleasure associated with it behaviours are likely to be repeated if they are rewarded in some ways
positive reinforcement
the reward is desirable consequences , feeling relaxed , confident , gaining approval of friends
negative reinforcement
the reward is removal of an unpleasant consequence , relief from withdrawal symptoms
evaluation of behaviourism
scientific credibility
really life application
real life application of behaviourism
schools, prisons,treatments
scientific credibility of behaviourism
heled to develop
Psychology as a science – uses the scientific method
problems of behaviourism
Deterministic
Simplistic
Animals in research
Spontaneous behaviour
Deterministic
we do not have control over our behaviours – societal implications (legal ramifications)
Simplistic
ignore cognitive processes and the complexity of human behaviour
Animals in research
differences between animals and humans
Spontaneous behaviour
cannot be explained using the principles of conditioning
what is meant by classical and operant conditioning
classical conditioning is when two stimuli are repeatedly paired a response which is at fist elicited b the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
behaviourist Approach
-psychologists should only study observable and quantifiable behaviour
-all behaviour is learnes
-humans are no different from animals and should not be regarded as more complex
-research on animals behaviour is directly relevant to humans
Ivan pavlov
-classical conditioning
-invuluntary reflex associated with a new reflex
-used dogs - conditioned to associate the sound of a bell with food this resulted in dogs producing a salivation response at the sound of a bell even when no food present
operant conditioning
skinner- behaviour is result of learning through consequences of our own actions
three type of reinforcement
1)positive - when a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence and is more likely to be repeated
2)negative- when a behaviour is followed by removal of adverse consequence and action is more likely to be repeated
3)punishment - when a behaviour is followed by an unpleasant consequence and is likely to be repeated
Skinner box
created Skinner box to examine operant conditioning in rats and pigeons
whenaccidnerrly pressed leve rewarded with a food pellet
animalslesarny through positive reinforce event
new voluntary7 behaviour which is repeated to receive the reward again
evaluation of behaviourist
issues and debates of behaviour
nature vs nurture
learnt behaviour 0 nurture
experiences and surroundings shape our behaviour direcrty
refers mind to tabula rasa blank slate
behaviourist believe that behaviour is controlled. y somethings as a stimulus response assoaicsyion and in classical conditioning eg environmental determinism
humans have little choice in their behaviour
social learning theory - sLT
- idea of observational learning
-observation and limitation of behaviour preformed by role models who model behaviour is social environment
recognises inporaatance of meditational processes that reject the notion that learning is purely the outcome of a stimulus repose loop
indesntifaction
involves associating with the qualities characteristics and views of role model to become ore like that person
-schutts et al 2010 suggest children age and gender a=similairt to models is an important determinant f limitation
this still gushes set from the more deterministic behaviourist approach
slt 4 distinct mediationap processus
attention, retention,repsoriction motivation
if observed behaviour is rewarded imitation is more likely
what bandora called vicarious reinforcement - learning from observation
Bandura , ross and ross, aim
investigate whether aggression cane learned through social learning theory principles
bandora method
72 children 36 males 36 females between 3-6one of three groups for 10 mins
3 groups in bandora
1)agressiver model
2)non agressive
3)control
agressive model
cold played in a. room while an adult hit and shouted at a”bobo doll” which wobbles when hit
this group was further sub divides by the gender of the child and the adult model creating4 conditions
non aggressive model
the child played in a room while an adult played quietly with a construction set this group was further sub divided once again by the gender of the child and the adult model creating another 4 conditions
control group in bandora
the child di not see a model
results of bandora
children who saw aggressive model produced more aggressive actions that other children in the other two groups
boys imitates same sex models more than girls
girls imitated morephstical agrewssionsif they saw male models and more verbals aggression of tube saw female models
conclusion of bandora
aggressive can be learned in children through observation and imitation of a model
issues of bandora
evaluation of bandora
-rushtom and camel 1977
-fox and bailenson
-myers
self efficacy
the belief you can do something
origins of psychology spec
Wundt, introspection and the emergence of psychology as a science.
learning approaches spec
The Behaviourist Approach, including classical conditioning and Pavlov’s research, operant conditioning, types of reinforcement and Skinner’s research.
Social Learning Theory including imitation, identification, modelling, vicarious reinforcement, the role of mediational processes and Bandura’s research.
cognitive approach spec
the study of internal mental processes, the role of schema, the use of theoretical and computer models to explain and make inferences about mental processes. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience.
biological approach
the influence of genes, biological structures and neurochemistry on behaviour. Genotype and phenotype, genetic basis of behaviour, evolution and behaviour.
early evidence for the roles of cognition in learning
tolman - cognitive map
kohlker - insight learning
observational learning
learning from observing others and imitating but imitation is not automatic
expectancy
behaviour is only copied if you expect to be reinforced for doing so
slt assumptions 1
observation and imitation
mental or cognitive processes are essential
observational learning from identification of appropriate models
set assumption 2
VICARIOUS REINFORCMENT distinction between learning behaviour and the preormace of that behaviour
the role of meditational proccesses
1)attention- how much you concentrate on the model showing behaviour
2)retention- storing the behaviour you have witnessed
3)reproduction- copying the behaviour you witnessed
4)motivation- good reason to show the witnessed behaviour a reaction or imaginary incentive
ARRM
input-mediating cognition-output
brother praised for tidying- think can I do the same do I want to-output boy tidied garage
bandoras social cognitive perspecrive
the social learning theory is a social psychological theory which psychologists use to explain agression
bandora combines the logic of social and cognitive psychology to create another social psychological theory to explain aggression which he termed the social cognitive perspective
bamdura thought that behaviour may be. motivated not only by inherent psychological factors but also by scion environmental factor
he argued that the individual and the social environment were linked he called this reciprocal determinism
reciprocal determinism
one process relies entirely on another
what does the social cognitive perspective suggest
-suggests that behaviour has a social origin and includes cognitive processes such as perception , recollection and interpretation
