question rev

Question 1

one possible ethical issue which may arise during this research is protrction from harm. explain how psychologists could deal with this ethical issue

Answer 1

-when participants sseems distressed remind them pf their right to withdraw

Question 2

explain how a cog itive interview is different from a standard inerview

Answer 2

cognitive interviews contain processes such as CR,RO,CP,RE
astandard intevriew may ask witnesss to recall an event but a cognitive interview could ask them to recall the context which the event ocurred eg. external or internla environment

Question 3

one technique used in cognitive intervirw is report everything and the officer reads out instructions to the articipants .identify one other tecnique which could have been used by the police officer rin this cognitive interview and write down the instructions he could read out to participants

Answer 3

-recall in revere order
-Tell me what you saw on the film
in a different order to how it actually happened

Question 4

from results on the table what might the psychologust conclude about the effectivements off cognitie interview

Answer 4

it was effective because there were more correct items recalled and
the number of incorrect items stayed the same / didn’t increase.

Question 5

outline one weakness of uaing a field experiment in this experiment

Answer 5

some particpants could be further away drom the stage than others causing their vision to be distprted ansd not see things therefore lack of control variables.

Question 6

suggest why pshycologists includes the question “did you see the man in glasses push the other man”

Answer 6

: it was a leading question (1 mark); the psychologist wanted to see
whether including misleading information would affect the participant’s memory of the event

Question 7

outline tecniques used in the ognitivr intervoew and discuss the effectiveness of these tecniquues on the accuracy of ewt

Answer 7

RE
RO
CP
CR
recall is enhanced, e.g. role of context reinstatement; work on reconstructive memory; use of context; makes the event more meaningful
usefulness of the cognitive interview with children; less useful when
there is increased time between event and recall
Kohnken et al (1999);

Question 8

DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE AT LLEAST ONE WAY OF IMPROVING EYE WITNESS RECALL. refer to evidence in your answer

Answer 8

4 features: restore
context; recall everything even trivial detail; recall in reverse order; recall from
another perspective. Credit also features of the enhanced cognitive interview eg
relax, speak slowly. Likely evidence: Geiselman (1985).

usefulness of the cognitive interview with children; less useful when there is increased time between event and recall.

Question 9

outline and evaluate research into the effects of misleading info on ewt

Answer 9

Loftus and Palmer (1974)
Gabbert et al (2003)
real-life application
use of artificial materials less anxiety-inducing than in real-life
demand characteristics in lab studies reduce validity

Question 10

outline one explanation for forgetting . how might this explanation account for aarons poor prerromance in the spanish exam

Answer 10

Retrieval failure
absence of cues
* Lack of external contextual cues – where environment for learning and recall
is different (e.g. different room)
* Lack of internal contextual cues – where physical state for learning and recall
is different
Aaron is not in the same context as when he learnt the material for his
Spanish exam – ‘an unfamiliar room’
* Aaron is not in the same physical, emotional state as when he learnt the
material – ‘full of nerves

Question 11

bireifly evaluate the explanation of forgetting you have outlined in your answer

Answer 11

-godden and baddley
-absnse of cues
-didnt control vsriabes

Answer 12

Sarah learnt and recalled in a different environment / context
* the cues present when learning the psychology material in the classroom would not
have been present at recall in the lecture theatre for Sarah
* the absence of the cues meant that Sarah did not have any triggers to aid her recall
and this caused retrieval failure
* using research evidence to support the explanation of why Sarah’s performance is
likely to be worse, e.g. Godden & Baddeley (1975) or Abernethy (1940)
* better students might refer to the encoding specificity principle.

Question 13

describe and evaluate interference as an explanation for frogtting

Answer 13

Interference is where two lots of information become confused in memory
* Proactive interference is where old learning affects recall of new information
* Retroactive interference is where new learning affects recall of old information
* Newer information may overwrite earlier information
* Interference is more likely to occur when the two pieces of information are
similar/response competition
* The impact of passage of time/intervening events on forgetting

-baddley and hitch
-lab
-valifity
-low eological
-applications like revison strategies

Question 14

researcher A found that young animlas seemed to attach for comfort rather than for food

researcher B found that mobile newborn animals would follow the first large movng obect they saw

give the name of researcher A and state the type of animals studied by tbis researcher and same for researcher B

Answer 14

HARLOW and rhesus monkeys

lorenz and gosling

Question 15

briefly discuss one limitation of using animals to study attachment into humans

Answer 15

-Problems of extrapolation to attachment in human infants – what applies to
non-human species may not also apply to human infants.
* Difference in nature and complexity of the bond.

Question 16

outline the procedure used in one study of animal attachment

Answer 16

Harlow – wire and cloth mother research or any later variations.

or

Lorenz – imprinting research with greylag geese.

Question 17

outline how lorenz and harlow studied attachment using animals

Answer 17

lorenz
goose eggs were randomly divided
* half were hatched with the mother present (in natural environment)
* half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz present
* the behaviour of all goslings was recorded

harlow
-in a controlled environment, infant monkeys reared with two mother surrogates
* plain wire mother dispensing food, cloth-covered mother with no food
* time spent with each mother was recorded
* details of fear conditions
* long-term effects recorded: sociability, relationship to offspring,

Question 18

what is meant by the term attachment

Answer 18

Attachment is a strong, enduring, emotional and reciprocal bond between two people,
especially an infant and caregiver.

Question 19

briefly evaluate research into caregiver infant interaction

Answer 19

-meltzoff aand moore
-* babies cannot communicate so inferences must be drawn
* well-controlled – studies ‘capture’ micro-sequences of interaction
* practical issues – babies are often asleep or being fed
* issue of intentionality – are imitative behaviours deliberate/conscious?
* some studies have failed to replicate earlier findings, eg Koepke et al (1983

Question 20

explain one reason why it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of caregiver infant interaction in the development of attachment

Answer 20

cannot ever show cause and effect because it is ethically impossible
to manipulate the amount / quality of caregiver-infant interaction

Question 21

name three stages of attahcment identified by schaeffer

Answer 21

-ascoial
-indiscriminate
-disceimnate
-multiple attachments

Question 22

what is meant by reciprocity

Answer 22

– caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way/mutual process; each party
responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking). The behaviour of
each party elicits a response from the other

Question 23

outline two features of caregiver infant interactions

Answer 23

interactional synchrony – adults and babies respond in time to sustain
communication
reciprocity / turn-taking – interaction flows both ways between adult and infant
interactional synchrony – ‘…as if they are one person..’ / ‘…perfectly in time
with each other..’
* reciprocity / imitation / sensitive responsiveness – ‘Tasneem smiles, Aisha
smiles back…’

Question 24

describe wundts rle in the development of psychology

Answer 24

Wundt known as ‘the father of psychology’ – moved from philosophical roots to
controlled research.
* Set up the first psychology laboratory in Liepzig, Germany in 1870s.
* Promoted the use of introspection as a way of studying mental processes.
* Introspection – systematic analysis of own conscious experience of a stimulus.
* An experience was analysed in terms of its component parts e.g. sensations,
emotional reaction etc.
* His work paved the way for later controlled research and the study of mental
processes e.g. by cognitive psychologists.

Question 25

explain what else millie could have said about the major features of intospection so that her classmate would be better informed

Answer 25

Focus on being objective
* Reflection on sensations, feelings and images
* Wundt would ask people to focus on an everyday object and look inwards noticing
sensations and feelings and images
* Breaking thoughts about an object down into separate elements
* Systematic reporting of an experience of object
* Specific examples eg use of metronome

Question 26

briefly discuss the value of behaviousirsm in helping us to understand human behaviour

Answer 26

behaviour learned from
experience / blank slate; classical and / or operant conditioning; unconditioned
stimulus; unconditioned response; conditioned stimulus and response;
Limited value because: human behaviour is more complex than animal behaviour;
consciousness, reflective thought and / or emotions affect how humans think

Question 27

outline skinners research into reinforcement

Answer 27

skinners box
lever pressed by rats
food pellet]reward
likelihood increased
condtioning

Question 28

two strengths of the behvaiourist apparoach in psychology

Question 29

meaning of imitiation

Answer 29

Imitation means copying behaviour (of a role model)

Question 30

describe two limitations of slt

Answer 30

sees behaviour as environmentally determined whereas some behaviours may be innate
SLT does not explain cognitive processes, leaving this to cognitive
psychologists

Question 31

use your knwoledge of classical conditiong to explain why the young women is terrified of balloons

Answer 31

balloon as a neutral stimulus when ‘unburst’
normally a loud noise / bang causes fear
association between the balloon and bang / bursting
‘new learning’ that balloons alone now elicit a fear response.

Question 32

suggest how mr benson might use vicarious reinforcment to alter the bhaviour of these children
explain your answer with reference to slt

Question 33

outlinr psvlovs research into classical conditionng and describe how classical conditioning might explain a childs fear of school

Answer 33

School is initially a neutral stimulus
A fear-arousing event (the unconditioned stimulus) occurs whilst the child is at
school eg being bullied in the playground
fear-arousing event and school are paired together in time
Eventually the school becomes a conditioned stimulus which will elicit fear (now a
conditioned response) even when the original fear-arousing event is not present

Question 34

describe the contributions of behavioirst psychologists such as pavlov and skinner to our understanding of human behaviour

Answer 34

• emphasised importance of consequences, ie behaviour that is rewarded likely
  to be repeated
• emphasised role of reinforcement and punishment – strengthens or weakens
  learning
• insistence on objectivity and study of overt behaviour – raising psychology’s
  scientific status.
  strongly deterministic – human behaviour is environmentally determined –
  what of free will?
• research mainly with animals therefore generalisation to human behaviour
  could be limited
• discussion about the balance between reliability and validity in behaviourist
  research

Question 35

explain why using our schema ight be useful when processing info from the world around us snd why it may not be important

Answer 35

schema help us predict what will happen in our world based on our experiences
schema can distort our interpretation of sensory information

Question 36

give two assumptions of the cognitive apaproach and for each assumption illustrate your answer with reference to a topic in pscyhology

Answer 36

mental processes can be regarded as information processing; computer
analogy / mind operates a similar way to a computer; the use of models to represent
mental processes; mental processes can be scientifically studied
memory.
forensic psychology.

Question 37

outline two features of the cognitive apparoach andnexplain two limitations of the cognitvie approach

Answer 37

Schema are the mental representation of experience and knowledge and
understanding.
* Mental processes are information processing and the processing can be compared
to that of a computer.
The approach can be seen as mechanical in regarding human thinking as
processing like the computer leaving little room for the irrationality seen in emotional
behaviours
Research findings indicate factors other than internal mental events as cause of
behaviour.