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nsg 10 > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

major excretory system of the body

A

urinary system

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2
Q

what are the primary excretory organs in the urinary system

A

two kidneys

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3
Q

urine consists of

A

excess water
excess iones
metabolic wastes, including urea (by product of protein)
toxic substances

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4
Q

functions of kidneys

A

excretion
regulation of blood volume and pressure
regulation of blood solute concentrations
regulation of red blood cells synthesis
regulation of vitamin D synthesis

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5
Q

kidneys secrete a hormone which regulates the synthesis of red blood cells in bone marrow

A

erythropoietin

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6
Q

the kidneys are behind the peritoneum or

A

retroperitoneal

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7
Q

bean shaped organs, each about the size of a tightly clenched fist

A

kidney

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8
Q

a layer of connective tissue called the _ _ surrounds each kidney

A

renal capsule

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9
Q

on the medial side of each kidney is the _, where the renal artery and nerves enter and where the renal vein, ureter, and lymphatic vessels exit the kidneys

A

hilum

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10
Q

the hilum opens into a cavity called _ _ which contains blood vessels, part of the system for collecting urine and adipose tissue

A

renal sinus

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11
Q

two major regions of the kidney

A

cortex (outer)
medulla (inner)

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12
Q

location for blood filtering structure of the kidney

A

cortex

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13
Q

the medulla is composed of many cone-shaped structures called the _ whose bases project int the cortex

A

renal pyramids

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14
Q

a collection of tubes and ducts that transport fluid throughout the kidney and modify it into urine

A

renal pyramids

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15
Q

the tips of the pyramids called the _ _ point toward the renal sinus

A

renal papillae

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16
Q

when urine leaves a renal papilla, it empties into a small, funnel-shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the papilla called the _

A

calyx

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17
Q

urine from several calyces is emptied into a single, enlarged, funnel-shaped chamber called the _

A

renal pelvis

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18
Q

small diameter tube called the _

A

ureter

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19
Q

the histological and functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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20
Q

it consists of specialized structure including small tubes called

A

tubules

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21
Q

the four regions of a nephron are

A

renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule

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22
Q

region that filters the blood

A

renal corpuscle

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23
Q

region that returns filtered substances to the blood

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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24
Q

region that helps conserve water and solutes

A

loop of henle

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25
Q

region that rids the blood of additional wastes

A

distal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

several connecting ducts merge int a large-diameter tubule called a _ which empties into a calyx

A

papillary duct

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27
Q

two types of nephrons

A

juxtamedullary nephrons
cortical nephrons

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28
Q

have renal corpuscles that are found deep in the cortex near the medulla

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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29
Q

have renal corpuscles that are distributed throughout the cortex

A

cortical nephrons

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30
Q

the loops of henle of cortical nephrons are _ than those of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

shorter

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31
Q

the loops of juxtamedullary nephrons are

A

long (extend deep into the medulla) ; well adapted for water conservation

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32
Q

the filtration portion of the nephron is housed in the

A

renal corpuscle

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33
Q

the renal corpuscle consists of (2):

A

glomerulus
bowman capsule or glomerular capsule

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34
Q

a network of capillaries twisted around each other like a ball of yarn

A

glomerulus

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35
Q

an indented, double-walled chamber surrounding the glomerulus

A

bowman capsule or glomerular capsule

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36
Q

bowman capsule consists of two layers

A

inner
outer

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37
Q

constructed of simple squamous epithelial cells

A

outer layer

38
Q

constructed of specialized cels called podocytes which wrap around the glomerular capillaries

A

inner layer

39
Q

supplies blood to the glomerulus for filtration

A

afferent arteriole

40
Q

transports filtered blood away from the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

41
Q

the structures in the corpuscle make up the _ ; consists of capillary endothelium, the basement membrane, and the podocytes of the bowman capsule

A

filtration membrane

42
Q

an important regulatory structure called the _ is located next to the glomerulus

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

43
Q

at the point where the affarent arteriole enters the renal corpuscle, it has a cuff of specialized smooth muscle cells around it. these cells are called

A

juxtaglomerular cells

44
Q

a part of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles next to the renal corpuscle. in this section of the distal convoluted tubule, there is a group of specialized cells called the

A

macula densa

45
Q

once the blood is filtered, the resulting fluid is modified to form urine as it passes through each section of the renal tubule. the first section is the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

46
Q

as the proximal convoluted tubule continues descending toward the medulla, the cell type begins to change. the renal tubule is now called _

A

loop henle

47
Q

every loop of henle has two limbs:

A

descending limb
ascending limb

48
Q

is shorter than the proximal convoluted tubule. its epithelium is simple cuboidal

A

distal convoluted tubule

49
Q

several distal convoluted tubules connect to a single _ which is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

collecting duct

50
Q

branch off the abdominal aorta and enter the kidneys

A

renal arteries

51
Q

list of blood vessels in order

A

interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries

52
Q

pass between the renal pyramids

A

interlobar arteries

53
Q

branch from the interlobal arteries ; they arch between the cortex and the medulla

A

arcuate arteries

54
Q

branch off the arcuate arteries and project into the cortex

A

interlobular arterioles

55
Q

carry blood from the glomerular capillaries

A

efferent arterioles

56
Q

arise from the branches of the interlobular arteries ; the afferent arterioles carry blood to the glomerular capillaries

A

afferent arterioles

57
Q

branch from different efferent arterioles ; they surround the proximal convoluted tubules, the distal convoluted tubules, and the loops of henle

A

peritubular capillaries

58
Q

are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney and surrounds the loops of henle and collecting ducts

A

vasa recta

59
Q

categories of urine formation (3):

A

filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

60
Q

a non specific process whereby materials are separated based on size or change

A

filtration

61
Q

an average of _ of the blood pumped by the heart each minute flows through the kidneys

A

21%

62
Q

in the nephrons, about 180 liters of filtrate is produced each day , but only about _ or less becomes urine

A

1%

63
Q

the renal corpuscles in the renal cortex contain filtration structures each of which is called a _

A

filtration membrane

64
Q

the combination of three pressures is called a

A

filtration pressure

65
Q

causes constriction of the kidney arteries

A

sympathetic stimulation

66
Q

intense sympathetic stimulation may significantly decrease filtrate formation and urine volume by

A

circulatory shock or vigorous exercise

67
Q

decreased sympathetic formation of renal blood arteries _ renal blood flow and urine volume

A

increases

68
Q

is the transport of water and solutes from the filtrate into the blood

A

tubular reabsorption

69
Q

site of the majority of reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

70
Q

the movement of non filtered substances from the blood into the filtrate

A

tubular secretion

71
Q

the kidneys are able to produce very dilute or concentrated urine while maintaining the extracellular fluid concentration very close to _msm/L

A

300

72
Q

the kidneys’ ability to control the volume and concentration of the urine depends on three factors

A

countercurrent mechanisms
medullary concentration gradient
hormonal mechanisms

73
Q

is one where fluid in separate structures flows in the opposite directions relative to each other

A

countercurrent mechanism

74
Q

maintains the high solute concentration in the interstitial fluid

A

vasa recta

75
Q

the interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney has a very high solute concentration compared with that of the cortex. this is called the

A

medullary concentration gradient

76
Q

the concentration of solute in the medulla increases from 300 to _

A

1200

77
Q

as filtrate travels through the descending limb of the loop of henle, water moves across its simple squamous epithelium by osmosis toward the higher solute concentration in the interstitial fluid

A

countercurrent mechanism

78
Q

urea is responsible for a substantial part of the high solute concentration in the kidney medulla

A

urea cycling

79
Q

three major hormonal mechanisms are involved in regulating the urine concentration and volume

A

renin-angiostensin-aldosterone (sensitive to changes in blood pressure)
antidiueretic hormone (ADH) mechanism (sensitive to changes in blood concentration)
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) mechanism (sensitive to changes in blood pressure)

80
Q

initiated under low blood pressure conditions

A

renin-angiostensin-aldosterone

81
Q

when blood pressure decrease, cells of juxtaglomerular apparatuses in the kidneys secrete the enzyme

A

renin

82
Q

upon secretion, renin enters the blood and converts angiotensinogen, a plasma protein, to

A

angiostensin I.

83
Q

enzyme produced by capillaries or organs such as the lungs

A

Angiostensin-covering enzyme (ACE)

84
Q

Angiostensin-covering enzyme (ACE) converts angiostensin I to

A

angiostensin II

85
Q

increases blood pressure and increases sensation of thirst, and salt appetite ; stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

A

angiostensin II

86
Q

is secreted by neurons in the posterior pituitary when the solute concentration of the blood or the interstitial fluid increase

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

87
Q

promotes water conservation in the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of water

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

88
Q

a low blood solute concentration inhibits ADH secretion which

A

reduces urine volume

89
Q

decrease in blood pressure causes ADH to

A

increase

90
Q

when blood pressure increases, ADH secretion

A

decreases

91
Q

ADH is more sensitive to changes in _ _ than to blood pressure

A

blood osmolarity

92
Q

an increased blood pressure triggers the

A

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) mechanism

nsg 10 (19 decks)

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