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nsg 10 > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different functions of blood

A
  1. transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
  2. transport of processed molecules
  3. transport of regulatory molecules
  4. regulation of pH and osmosis
  5. maintenance of body temperature
  6. protection against foreign substances
  7. clot formation
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2
Q

a type of connective tissue that consists of a liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments

A

blood

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3
Q

the liquid matrix in blood is called the

A

plasma

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4
Q

the cells and cell fragments in blood is called the

A

formed elements

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5
Q

the total blood volume is about

A

4-5 liters in female
5-6 liters in male

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6
Q

blood makes up about _ of the total body weight

A

8%

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7
Q

a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other components such as ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances

A

plasma

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8
Q

plasma includes

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

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9
Q

makes up 58% of the plasma proteins

A

albumin

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10
Q

account for 38% of the plasma proteins

A

globulins

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11
Q

a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins

A

fibrinogen

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12
Q

a threadlike protein that forms blood clots is plasma without the clotting factors

A

fibrin

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13
Q

is plasma without the clotting factors

A

serum

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14
Q

acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components

A

water

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15
Q

maintain osmotic pressure, destroy foreign substances, transport molecules, and form clots

A

proteins

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16
Q

involved in osmotic pressure, membrane potentials, and acid base balance

A

ions

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17
Q

source of energy and building blocks or more complex molecules

A

nutrients

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18
Q

involved in aerobic respiration

A

gases

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19
Q

breakdown products of protein metabolism

A

waste products

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20
Q

catalyze chemical reactions and stimulate or inhibit many body functins

A

regulatory substances

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21
Q

what are the formed elements of blood

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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22
Q

are the most abundant of the formed elements ; constitute 95% of all formed elements

A

red blood cells or erythrocytes

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23
Q

the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements consists of

A

white blood cells or leukocytes

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24
Q

cell fragments are called

A

platelets

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25
Q

the process that produces formed elements ; continuous throughout our lives

A

hematopoiesis

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26
Q

all formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called

A

hematopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblasts

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27
Q

hematopoietic stem cells give rise to two types of intermediate stem cells

A

myeloid cells
lymphoid stem cells

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28
Q

lymphoid stem cells give rise to _, a type of white blood cell

A

lymphocytes

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29
Q

disk-shaped with edges that are thicker than the center of the cell

A

normal red blood cells

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30
Q

increases the cell’s surface area, thereby allowing gases to move into and out of the red blood cell more rapidly as compared to flat disc of the same size

A

biconcave shape

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31
Q

red blood cells can live up to __

A

120 days in males
110 days in females

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32
Q

one third of a red blood cell’s volume is the pigmented protein _ , which is responsible for the cell’s red color

A

hemoglobin

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33
Q

each protein chain called a

A

globin

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34
Q

globin is bound to one _ , a red pigmented molecule

A

heme

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35
Q

the enzyme __ is primarily found inside red blood cells, catalyzes a reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion

A

carbonic anhydrase

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36
Q

stem cells form __ which give rise to the red blood cell line

A

proerythroblasts

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37
Q

stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

A

erythropoietin

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38
Q

spherical cells with a nucleus

A

white blood cells

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39
Q

5 types of white blood cells

A

(granulocytes)
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil

(agranulocytes)
lymphocyte
monocyte

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40
Q

nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thin filaments ; cytoplasmic granules stain a light pink or reddish purple

A

neutrophil

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41
Q

nucleus with two indistinct lobes ; cytoplasmic granules stain blue purple

A

basophil

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42
Q

nucleus often bilobed ; cytoplasmic granules stain orange red or bright red

A

eosinophil

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43
Q

round nucleus ; cytoplasm forms a thin ring around the molecules ; smallest of the WBC

A

lymphocyte

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44
Q

nucleus round, kidney shaped, or horseshoe shaped ; contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocytes ; largest of WBC

A

monocyte

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45
Q

cell fragment surrounded by a cell membrane and containing granules

A

platelet

46
Q

phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances ; most common type of WBC ; remain in the blood for a short time (10-12hrs)

A

neutrophil

47
Q

release histamine, which promotes inflammation, and heparin which prevents clot formation ; the least common of all WBC

A

basophil

48
Q

participates in inflammatory response of allergic reactions and asthma ; attacks certain worm parasites

A

eosinophils

49
Q

produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms ; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of immune system

A

lymphocyte

50
Q

phagocytic cell in the blood ; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris

A

monocyte

51
Q

forms platelet plugs ; releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting

A

platelet

52
Q

a thin white layer of cells between plasma and red blood cells

A

buffy coat

53
Q

white blood cells can leave the blood and travel the __ through the tissues

A

ameboid movement

54
Q

what are the two functions of white blood cells

A

to protect the body against invading microorganisms and other pathogens

to remove dead cells and debris from the tissues by phagocytosis

55
Q

WBC that contain large cytoplasmic granules

A

granulocytes

56
Q

WBC with very small granules that cannot be seen easily with the light microscope are

A

agranulocytes

57
Q

three kinds of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

58
Q

dead neutrophil, cell debris, and fluid can accumulate as _ at sites of infections

A

pus

59
Q

two kinds of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

60
Q

after monocytes leave the blood and enter tissues, they enlarge and become __ which phagocytize bacteria

A

macrophages

61
Q

minute fragments of cell each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane ; play an important role in preventing blood

A

platelets

62
Q

platelets are produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called

A

megakaryocytes

63
Q

loss of blood is minimized by three processes

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting

64
Q

an immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel contracts

A

vascular spasm

65
Q

what substances stimulate vascular spasm

A

thromboxanes
endothelin

66
Q

an accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel ; very important in maintaining integrity of blood vessels of the cardiovascular system

A

platelet plug

67
Q

when a blood vessel is severely damaged, __ results in the formation of a clot

A

blood clotting or coagulation

68
Q

a clot is a network of threadlike protein fibers called _ that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid

A

fibrin

69
Q

the formation of blood clots depends on a number of proteins found within plasma called _ ; are inactive and do not cause clotting

A

clotting factors

70
Q

blood contains several _ , which prevent clotting factors from forming clots under normal conditions

A

anticoagulants

71
Q

what inactivates thrombin

A

antithrombin
heparin

72
Q

when platelets encounter damaged or diseases areas of blood vessels or heart walls, an attached clot, or __ can form

A

thrombus

73
Q

a thrombus that breaks loose and begins to float through the circulation is called an

A

embolus

74
Q

after a clot has formed, it begins to condense into a more compact structure through a process known as

A

clot retraction

75
Q

clots are dissolved by a process called

A

fibrinolysis

76
Q

an inactive plasma protein is called

A

plasminogen

77
Q

plasminogen is converted to its active form called

A

plasmin

78
Q

what stimulates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

A

thrombin
other clotting factors
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

79
Q

a bacterial enzyme, and t-PA, produced through genetic engineering have been successful to dissolve clots

A

streptokinase

80
Q

the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

A

transfusion

81
Q

the introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as gasoline solution into the blood

A

infusion

82
Q

early attempts to transfuse blood were often unsuccessful because they resulted in

A

transfusion reactions

83
Q

the surfaces of red blood cells have molecules called

A

antigens

84
Q

plasma includes proteins called ; bind to antigens

A

antibodies

85
Q

the clumping of cells is called

A

agglutination

86
Q

the combination of the antibodies with the antigens can also initiate reactions that cause _ rupture of the red blood cells

A

hemolysis

87
Q

the antigens on the surface of red blood cells have been categorized into

A

blood groups

88
Q

system used to categorize human blood

A

ABO blood group

89
Q

another important blood group ; named because it was first studied in the rhesus monkey

A

Rh blood group

90
Q

any anti-Rh antibodies produced by the mother may cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells. this disorder is called

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

91
Q

contains antibodies against Rh antigens

A

Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM)

92
Q

determines the ABO and Rh blood groups of a blood sample

A

blood typing

93
Q

the donor’s blood cells are mixed with the recipient’s cells

A

crossmatch

94
Q

an analysis of blood that provides much useful information ; consists of red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, and a white blood cells count

A

complete blood count (CBC)

95
Q

normal red blood count for male is

A

4.6-6.2 million per microliter

96
Q

normal red blood count for female is

A

4.2-5.4 million per microliter

97
Q

a condition which is an overabundance of red blood cells leading to increase blood viscosity, reduced blood flow rates, and plugged capillaries

A

erythrocytosis

98
Q

normal hemoglobin amount for males

A

14-18 grams

99
Q

normal hemoglobin amount for females is

A

12-16 grams

100
Q

an abnormally low hemoglobin measurement is an indication of.

A

anemia

101
Q

the percentage of the total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells is the

A

hematocrit

102
Q

measures the total number of WBC in the blood

A

white blood count

103
Q

there are normally __ WBC per microliter of blood

A

5000-9000

104
Q

a lower than normal WBC resulting from decreased production or destruction of the red marrow ; radiation, drugs, tumors, viral infections, or deficiency of B12 can cause this

A

leukopenia

105
Q

an abnormally high WBC ; bacterial infections can cause this

A

leukocytosis

106
Q

cancer of red marrow characterized by abnormal production of one or more of the WBC types, can cause leukocytosis

A

leukemia

107
Q

determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood cells

A

differential white blood count

108
Q

there are two common ways to measure the blood’s ability to clot

A

platelet count
prothrombin time measurement

109
Q

a normal platelet count is

A

250 000 - 400 000 platelets per microliters of blood

110
Q

in this condition, the platelet count is greatly reduced, resulting in chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries

A

thrombocytopenia

111
Q
A

nsg 10 (19 decks)

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