Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 326 Exam 3 > CV Patho > Flashcards

CV Patho Flashcards

1
Q

examples of ischemic heart disease

A

–coronary artery disease
–stable angina
–unstable angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

role of coronary arteries

A

they feed the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what causes coronary artery disease?

A

atherosclerosis of coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name for issue with left anterior descending artery

A

widow maker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the powerhouse of the heart?

A

left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are the coronary arteries situated?

A

branch from the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

problems with the heart

A
  1. electrical (conduction)
  2. plumbing (artery blockage, spasm, or valve issues)
  3. pump (heart muscle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

non-modifiable risk factors of CAD

A

–increased age
–family history
–gender (males early, women after menopause)
–ethnicity (POC)
–genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

modifiable risk factors of CAD

A

–HTN
–smoking
–diabetes
–obesity/inactivity (android)
–diet (DASH = protective)
–HLD (HDL not high enough)
–depression/stress (inflammation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

etiology of ischemic heart problems

A

–atherosclerosis develops in arteries supplying the heart muscle –> artery blockage
–blockage = decreased tissue perfusion
–endothelial dysfunction
–heart has to work harder to pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endothelial dysfunction

A

vessels aren’t necessarily blocked but become narrowed when they are supposed to dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes of endothelial dysfunction

A

–DM
–HTN
–HDL
–smoking
inappropriate hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

main symptom of CAD

A

angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does a complete artery occlusion result in?

A

myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

symptoms of CAD

A

–dizziness
–chest pain
–heartburn
–irregular heart rate
–weakness
–anxiety
–nausea
–cold sweat
–burning sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stable angina

A

coronary blood flow is diminished but not blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

specifics about stable angina

A

–imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
–brought on by exertion
–relieved with rest
–usually only lasts 2-5 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is stable angina usually caused by?

A

atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

determining cause of chest pain

A

important to rule out heart being the cause of CP before exploring non-cardiac causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cardiac chest pain

A

–pressure or tightness
–diffuse, poorly localized
–physical exertion, stress
–relieved with rest
–prolonged = MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

non-cardiac chest pain

A

–sharp or stabbing
–focal, well localized
–may be positional, spontaneous at rest
–no relation to physical exertion
–may last from seconds to even days at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

common non-cardiac causes of CP

A

–esophageal reflux disease
–muscle problems
–ulcer
–lung disorders
–bone disorders
–deep breath
–emotional disorder
–esophageal rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

angina in women

A

–discomfort: hot/burning, tenderness
–location: not always in chest
–indigestion
–heart burn
–nausea
–fatigue/weakness
–lightheadedness
–dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

possible areas of radiating pain with MI

A

–neck
–jaw
–upper abdomen
–shoulders
–arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chest pain with MI

A

–not brought on by exertion
–may radiate
–pain not relieved in 2-5 min
–N/V, SOA, diaphoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how do we handle stable angina?

A

–education: rest and relaxation (rest for 5 minutes and, if pain persists, call 911)
–nitrates
–prevent/treat further atherosclerosis
–teach about MIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease that affects the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

causes of cardiomyopathy

A

–idiopathic
–ischemia
–HTN
–inherited disorders
–infections
–toxins
–myocarditis
–autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

types of cardiomyopathy

A

–normal
–dilated
–hypertrophic
–restrictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

heart failure

A

chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs for blood and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

most common cause of hospitalization with heart disease

A

myocardium is weakened
–pump is insufficient to pump blood forward
–can’t meet body’s demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the factors that determine cardiac output?

A

–stroke volume
–heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

preload

A

fluid volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is afterload associated with?

A

BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does heart failure result in?

A

decreased CO
decreased contractility
increased preload
increased afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

development of HF

A

–volume overload
–impaired ventricular filling (diastole)
–weakened ventricular muscle
–decreased ventricular contractile function (systole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

major causes of HF

A

–repeated ischemic episodes
–MI, papillary muscle rupture
–chronic HTN
–COPD
–dysrhythmias
–valve disorders/mitral insufficiency/aortic stenosis
–pulmonary embolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

risk factors of HF

A

–HTN (greatest risk factor)
–DM
–men and postmenopausal women
–Black/AA
–Genetics
–obesity
–smoking and sedentary lifestyles
–COPD
–severe anemia
–congenital heart defects
–viruses
–alcohol/drug abuse
–kidney conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

left sided heart failure

A

blood backs up in pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

right sided heart failure

A

blood backs up in systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

etiology of left sided HF

A

–congestion in left chambers
–LV increases in size
–backflow into pulmonary veins
–congestion in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

findings in left sided HF

A

–cough, crackles, wheezes
–frothy sputum, pink
–paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
–orthopnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

etiology of right sided HF

A

–COPD
–congestion in right chambers
–RV increases in size
–backflow into vena cava, decreased to lungs
–congestion in jugular veins, liver, lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

findings in right sided HF

A

–JVD
–dependent edema
–weight gain
–hepatosplenomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

symptoms of left sided HF

A

–cough
–crackles
–wheezes
–tachypnea
–confusion
–restlessness
–orthopnea
–tachycardia
–exertional dyspnea
–fatigue
–cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

most common cause of left sided HF

A

poorly controlled HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

symptoms of right sided HF

A

–fatigue
–increased peripheral venous pressure
–ascites
–enlarged liver and spleen
–distended JV
–anorexia
–complaints of GI distress
–weight gain
–dependent edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

most common cause of right sided HF

A

COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

deoxygenated blood is on what side of heart?

A

vena cavea to lungs (right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

oxygenated blood on what side of the heart?

A

lungs to aorta (left)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

normal ejection fraction

A

55-65%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

ejection fraction

A

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each squeeze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Reduced Ejection Fraction

A

HFrEF, systolic HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how is HFrEF/systolic HF determined?

A

by patient’s EF < 40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

cause of HFrEF/systolic HF

A

–impaired contractile function
–increased afterload
–cardiomyopathy
–mechanical problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

patho of HFrEF/systolic HF

A

–left ventricle loses ability to generate pressure to eject blood
–weakened muscle cannot generate SV and then lowers CO
–LV fails, blood backs up, causes fluid backup and accumulation

57
Q

preserved ejection fraction

A

HFpEF/diastolic HF

58
Q

patho of HFpEF/diastolic HF

A

–LV is stiff and noncompliant leading to high filling pressures –> leads to decreased SV and decreased CO
–reduced CO leads to fluid congestion

59
Q

HFpEF/diastolic HF

A

inability of ventricles to relax and fill during diastole

60
Q

cause of HFpEF/diastolic HF

A

HTN

61
Q

risk factors for HFpEF/diastolic HF

A

–female
–older age
–diabetes
–obesity
–alcohol use
–potassium levels

62
Q

EF in HFpEF/diastolic HF

A

normal or moderately decreased (40-49%)

63
Q

risk factors for HFrEF/systolic HF

A

–younger age
–male
–CAD
–DM
–valve disease

64
Q

heart muscle in HFrEF

A

round ventricle muscle

65
Q

heart muscle in HFpEF

A

thickened ventricle muscle

66
Q

chronic HF

A

–progressive
–chronic
–episodes of decompensated HF

67
Q

ventricular remodeling

A

weakened heart muscle

68
Q

molecular substances involved in ventricular remodeling

A

–angiotensin II
–aldosterone
–endothelin
–TNF-alpha
–catecholamines
–insulin-like growth factor
–growth hormone

69
Q

what does ventricular remodeling provoke?

A

–genetic changes
–apoptosis
–hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes
–collagen deposits
–myocardial fibrosis

70
Q

what do the molecules in ventricular remodeling cause?

A

changes lead to enlargement and dilation of the left ventricle –> worsens HF

71
Q

S3 gallop in HF

A

–low-pitched sound heard after S2
–during rapid filling of the ventricle in the early part of diastole
–high ventricular end-diastolic volume
–increased pressure within ventricles

72
Q

high ventricular end-diastolic volume

A

fluid left in ventricle after pump

73
Q

S3 and age

A

in adults > 40, S3 is abnormal and indicative of heart failure

74
Q

automaticity

A

ability to generate electrical impulses

75
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to an outside impulse

76
Q

conductivity

A

ability to receive electrical impulse and conduct it

77
Q

contractility

A

ability of myocardial cells to shorten in response to impulse

78
Q

electrical components of cardiac muscle cells

A

–automaticity
–excitability
–conductivity

79
Q

mechanical component of cardiac muscle cells

A

contractility

80
Q

depolarization

A

contraction in atria and ventricles
–systole
–squeeze

81
Q

repolarization

A

ventricles; recharging

82
Q

what controls action potentials?

A

sodium-potassium pump

83
Q

what causes a P wave?

A

atrial depolarization/atrial squeeze

84
Q

what causes the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization/ventricular squeeze

85
Q

what causes the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

86
Q

what does the SA node preced?

A

atrial depolarization

87
Q

what does the AV node precede?

A

ventricular depolarization

88
Q

what triggers left ventricular contractions?

A

Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers

89
Q

regular heart rate

A

60-100

90
Q

normal P wave characteristics

A

–upright and rounded
–one before every QRS
–regular rhythm

91
Q

PR interval normal time

A

0.12-0.20 seconds

92
Q

QRS normal time

A

< 0.12 seconds

93
Q

measurement of P wave

A

–from beginning to end of wave
–each box = 0.4 seconds

94
Q

length of time rhythm is measured in

A

measured in at least 6 beats

95
Q

sinus arrythmia

A

–normal rhythm
–degree of variability in the heart rate
–common in young people
–HR fluctuates with respiration or autonomic nervous system

96
Q

dysrhythmia

A

–abnormality of cardiac rhythm
–problem with impulse generation or conduction

97
Q

biggest influence on CO

A

heart rate

98
Q

inappropriate automaticity

A

a cell initiates action potentials when it isn’t supposed to

99
Q

where does inappropriate automaticity occur?

A

in the atria

100
Q

triggered activity

A

an extra impulse is generated during or just after repolarization

101
Q

re-entry

A

cardiac impulse in one part of the heart continues to depolarize after main impulse has finished

102
Q

what triggers sinus rhythms?

A

SA node

103
Q

sinus brady

A

–originates in SA node
–regular, rate < 60 bpm
–normal PR and QRS

104
Q

causes of sinus brady

A

–hyperkalemia
–vagal response
–digoxin toxicity
–late hypoxia
–meds
–MI

105
Q

symptoms of bradycardia

A

–lightheadedness or dizziness
–easy fatigue
–syncope
–dyspnea
–chest pain or discomfort
–confusion

106
Q

treatment of sinus brady

A

atropine (anticholinergic)
–pacemaker if drug not effective

107
Q

sinus tachycardia

A

–SA node
–rate 100-150 bpm
–P waves similar
–normal PR and QRS

108
Q

causes of sinus tach

A

–catecholamines (exercise, pain, strong emotions)
–fever
–FVD
–meds
–substances
–hypoxia

109
Q

treatment for sinus tach

A

based on cause

110
Q

fix for hypovolemia in sinus tach

A

fluids

111
Q

fix for fever in sinus tach

A

antipyretics

112
Q

fix for pain in sinus tach

A

analgesics

113
Q

meds for sinus tach

A

beta blockers to decrease HR and myocardial oxygen consumption

114
Q

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

A

–HR 150-250 bpm
–AV node
–usually no P wave
–QRS normal

115
Q

what is PSVT caused by?

A

re-entry phenomenon

116
Q

origin location of PSVT

A

originates above ventricles

117
Q

causes of PSVT

A

–overexertion
–emotional stress
–stimulants
–digitalis toxicity
–rheumatic heart disease
–CAD
–WPW
–right sided heart failure

118
Q

symptoms of PSVT

A

–palpitations
–chest pain
–fatigue
–lightheadedness or dizziness
–dyspnea

119
Q

PACs

A

early P waves that usually look a little different
–normal PR interval
–QRS does not follow the PAC

120
Q

what to do if your patient is having PACs?

A

–check electrolytes
–may need O2
–may be at risk for other dysrhythmias

121
Q

atrial flutter

A

–AV node overrides SA node
–reentry impulse that is repetitive and cyclic
–sawtooth appearance
–QRS narrow

122
Q

rate in atrial flutter

A

–atrial rate > 250 bpm
–ventricular rate is slower

123
Q

causes of atrial flutter

A

–coronary heart disease
–cardiomyopathy
–heart valve disease
–congenital heart disease
–inflammation of heart
–high BP
–lung disease, overactive thyroid
–electrolytes

124
Q

a fib

A

–multiple irritable spots in the atria
–irregularly irregular
–HR: 100-175 bpm
–no identifiable P wave

125
Q

symptoms of a fib

A

–palpitations
–heart racing
–fatigue
–dizziness
–chest discomfort
–SOB
–asymptomatic

126
Q

causes of a fib

A

–electrolytes
–hypoxia
–CV disease

127
Q

complications of a fib

A

–decreased CO
–heart failure
–embolus = stroke

128
Q

pharm treatment of a fib and a flutter

A

–rate control: beta blockers, CCB, digitalis, amiodarone
–stroke prevention: anticoags, antiplatelets

129
Q

nonpharm treatment of a fib and a flutter

A

–ablation
–cardioversion

130
Q

PVCs

A

–contraction coming from an ectopic focus in the ventricles
–comes earlier than the QRS should come and doesn’t follow a normal rhythm or P-wave

131
Q

causes of PVCs

A

–stimulants
–electrolytes
–hypoxia
–fever
–exercise
–emotional stress
–CVD

132
Q

treatment for PVCs

A

treat the cause

133
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

–consists of 3 or more PVCs together
–ectopic focus within the ventricles takes control and fires repeatedly –> no atrial contractions occurring
–seriously decreased CO

134
Q

what is VTACH associated with?

A

–MI
–CAD
–significant electrolyte abnormalities
–heart failure
–drug toxicity

135
Q

rate in VTACH

A

150-200 bpm

136
Q

morphology of VTACH

A

–no p-wave evident
–PR not measurable

137
Q

treatment of VTACH

A

–ACLS
–depends on pulse
–anti-dysrhythmic meds (BB or CCB)
–electrolyte replacement

138
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

irregular waveforms of varying shapes and sizes

139
Q

CO and v fib

A

no effective contractions = no CO

NUR 326 Exam 3 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions