Genetic influences on Development

Question 1

the totality of an individual’s genes is the

Answer 1

genotype

Question 2

the person’s actual characteristics are called

Answer 2

phenotype

Question 3

the difference between genotype and phenotype is a consequence of the person’s ________

Answer 3

environment

Question 4

pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one recessive gene, but only the dominant gene is expressed in the phenotype

A) dominant–recessive inheritance

B) incomplete dominance

C) polygenic inheritance

D) X-linked inheritance

Answer 4

A) dominant–recessive inheritance

Question 5

on a pair of chromosomes, each of two forms of a gene

Answer 5

allele

Question 6

Recessive genes are expressed in the phenotype only when they are paired with what?

Answer 6

another recessive gene

Question 7

form of dominant–recessive inheritance in which the phenotype is influenced primarily by the dominant gene but also to some extent by the recessive gene

A) dominant–recessive inheritance

B) incomplete dominance

C) polygenic inheritance

D) X-linked inheritance

Answer 7

B) incomplete dominance

Question 8

expression of phenotypic characteristics due to the interaction of multiple genes

A) dominant–recessive inheritance

B) incomplete dominance

C) polygenic inheritance

D) X-linked inheritance

Answer 8

C) polygenic inheritance

Question 9

pattern of inheritance in which a recessive characteristic is expressed because it is carried on the male’s X chromosome

A) dominant–recessive inheritance

B) incomplete dominance

C) polygenic inheritance

D) X-linked inheritance

Answer 9

D) X-linked inheritance

Question 10

Because of ____-linked inheritance, males are at greater risk of a wide variety of genetically based problems, including learning disabilities and intellectual disability

Answer 10

X

Question 11

statistical estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among people within a specific population, with values ranging from 0 to 1.00

Answer 11

heritability

Question 12

a measure not just of genetic influence, but also of how much the environment allows the genes to be expressed

Answer 12

heritability

Question 13

heritability estimates measure what?

Answer 13

phenotype

Question 14

degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members, expressed as a percentage

Answer 14

concordance rate

Question 15

in development, the continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and environment

Answer 15

epigenesis

Question 16

irls normally begin menstruating around age 11–16, towards the lower end of this range under healthy conditions and towards the higher end when nutrition is insufficient or the girl is suffering from medical problems is an example of ________

Answer 16

epigenesis

Question 17

range of possible developmental paths established by genes; environment determines where development takes place within that range

Answer 17

reaction range

Question 18

One influential theory of behaviour genetics is the theory of ___________ proposed by Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney

Answer 18

genotype → environment effects

Question 19

according to the theory genotype → environment effects, both genotype and ___________ make essential contributions to human development.

Answer 19

environment

Question 20

genotype → environment effects take three forms, what are they?

Answer 20

• passive
• evocative
• active

Question 21

the _______ genotype → environment effects occur in biological families because parents provide both genes and environment for their children

Answer 21

passive

Question 22

the _______ genotype → enviroment effects ccur when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in their environment

Answer 22

evocative

Question 23

the _______ genotype → environment effects, ccur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics, a process called niche picking.

Answer 23

active

Question 24

The child who is faster than her peers may be motivated to try out for a sport team; the adolescent with an ear for music may ask for piano lessons; the emerging adult for whom reading has always been slow and difficult may prefer to begin working full time after high school rather than going to university are examples of the _________ genotype → environment effects

Answer 24

active

Question 25

Dad has been good at drawing things ever since he was a boy, and now he makes a living as a graphic artist. One of the first birthday presents he gives his little girl is a set of crayons and coloured pencils for drawing. As she grows up, he also teaches her a number of drawing skills when she seems ready to learn them. She goes to university and studies architecture, then goes on to become an architect. is an example of the _______ genotype → environment effects

Answer 25

passive

Question 26

If you had a son who started reading at age 3 and seemed to love it, you might buy him more books. If you had a daughter who could sink jump shots at age 12, you might arrange to send her to basketball camp, is an example of _______ genotype → environment effects

Answer 26

evocative

Question 27

at the outset of meiosis, the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes

Answer 27

crossing over

Question 28

in an ovum, fluid that provides nutrients for the first 2 weeks of growth if the ovum is fertilised, until it reaches the uterus and begins drawing nutrients from the mother

Answer 28

cytoplasm

Question 29

following fertilisation, the new cell formed from the union of sperm and ovum

Answer 29

zygote

Question 30

On many of these pairs of alleles, dominant-recessive inheritance occurs. This means that only one of the two genes—the ______ gene—influences the phenotype, whereas the ________ gene does not, even though it is part of the genotype.

Answer 30

• dominant
• recessive