Early Childhood

Question 1

from age 3 to 5, height and weight are usually measured in __________

Answer 1

percentiles

Question 2

the ______ lobe grown faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during childhood

Answer 2

frontal

Question 3

the preoperational stage of cognitive development occurs between the ages of ______-

Answer 3

2 and 7

Question 4

In Piagetian terms, which of the following best describes a child who is centred?

a) they lack the ability to distinguish between their own perspective and another persons perspective

b) they often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces

c) they often focus on one noticeable aspect of cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects

d) they have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group

Answer 4

c) they often focus on one noticeable aspect of cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects

Question 5

Growth in the ________ lobes underlies the advances in emotional regulation, foresight and planned behaviour that take place during the preschool years

Answer 5

frontal

Question 6

During early childhood, the number of neurons continues the ________ that began in toddlerhood via synaptic pruning.

Answer 6

• decline

Question 7

The increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to an increase in ________ connections between neurons and to myelination

Answer 7

dendritic

Question 8

In the corpus callosum, the band of neural fibres connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, myelination _______ during early childhood, although it continues at a slower pace through adolescence

Answer 8

peaks

Question 9

In the reticular formation, a part of the brain involved in attention, myelination is ________ by age 5, which helps explain the increase in attention span that takes place in the course of early childhood.

Answer 9

completed

Question 10

myelination in the hippocampus is ________ by age 5.

Answer 10

completed

Question 11

The hippocampus is involved in the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory, so the completion of myelination by age 5 may explain why __________ memory (memory for personal events and experiences) is limited prior to this age

Answer 11

autobiographical

Question 12

The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is known as infantile ________

Answer 12

amnesia

Question 13

One theory about infantile amnesia proposes that autobiographical memory before age 2 is limited because the awareness of _______ becomes stable at about 2 years of age and serves as a new organiser around which events can be encoded, stored and retrieved in memory as personal; that is, as having happened ‘to me’

Answer 13

self

Question 14

Another perspective about infantile amnesia proposes that the encoding of memories is promoted by ____________ development because it allows us to tell ourselves a narrative of events and experiences; consequently, most autobiographical memory is encoded only after language development accelerates at age 2

Answer 14

language

Question 15

what is the most common nutrient deficiency in developed countries in early childhood?

• protein
• calcium
• folate
• B12

Answer 15

calcium

Question 16

what are the two most common types of nutrient deficiencies in developing countries?

• protein and iron
• protein and calcium
• protein and folate
• protein and B12

Answer 16

protein and iron

Question 17

In developing countries, the causes of death in early childhood are usually _______ and _______, especially pneumonia, malaria and measles

Answer 17

illnesses and disease

Question 18

During early childhood, .

the amount of tooth decay is similar between children in developing and developed countries

girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys

physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years

most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions

Answer 18

most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions

Question 19

Your cousin has a 5-year-old son and a 3-year-old daughter. He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his daughter is having a very difficult time sitting still, even for 10 minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time because his is more fully developed than his sister’s.

reticular formation

hippocampus

corpus callosum

cerebellum

Answer 19

reticular formation

Question 20

Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the .

reticular formation

hippocampus

corpus callosum

Broca’s area

Answer 20

hippocampus

Question 21

Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in New Zealand. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be .

marasmus

kwashiorkor

calcium deficiency

protein deficiency

Answer 21

calcium deficiency

Question 22

Accidental injury among young children .

is less of a danger than disease in developing countries

happens at a greater rate in developed countries than in developing countries

is equally common among boys and girls

is extremely rare (less than 5%) because of increased awareness and better technology

Answer 22

is less of a danger than disease in developing countries

Question 23

Once children begin drawing or writing in early childhood, they show a clear preference for using their right or left hand, but __________ appears long before early childhood

Answer 23

handedness

Question 24

In early childhood (from age 3 to 6), .

fine motor skills are refined, but gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood

children from high socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have better gross motor skills than their counterparts from lower socioeconomic backgrounds

girls and boys are equally skilled at body-coordination skills, such as balancing on one foot

gender differences in gross motor development appear

Answer 24

gender differences in gross motor development appear

Question 25

Imagine that you have just walked into a classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see?

Most of the children drawing something that is recognisable, such as a person or an animal.

Most of the children scribbling on a piece of paper.

Most of the children showing depth and realistic detail in their artwork.

Most of the girls getting frustrated because they cannot hold a crayon or paintbrush.

Answer 25

Most of the children drawing something that is recognisable, such as a person or an animal.

Question 26

A child who is left-handed .

likely first developed this tendency during the preschool years

is often praised for uniqueness in non-Western cultures

will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in Australia

will always have a left-handed twin if they are monozygotic (MZ) twins

Answer 26

will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in Australia

Question 27

A preference for using one hand rather than the other (‘handedness’) can be seen as earlyas .

the prenatal period

infancy

toddlerhood

age 5

Answer 27

the prenatal period

Question 28

Which of the following is TRUE regarding handedness?

A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants.

Left-handed people are less likely to have problems learning to read than right-handed people.

Children do not show hand preference until they are learning to write.

Left-handed people tend to have poorer verbal and maths ability than right-handed people.

Answer 28

A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants.

Question 29

Gender differences in gross motor development appear in early childhood, with_______ generally becoming better at skills emphasising strength or size, such as jumping and throwing a ball, and ______ becoming better at body-coordination skills, such as balancing on one foot

Answer 29

• boys
• girls

Question 30

in early childhood children’s fine motor developments involve a similar extension of skills that arose in toddlerhood, along with some new skills, what can children do?

a) pick up a small object using two fingers

b) draw something that is recognisable to others

c) put on and remove their shoes

d) both b and c

Answer 30

d) both b and c

Question 31

Piaget termed the age period from 2 to 7 the preoperational stage, emphasising that children of this age were not yet able to perform ________ _________; that is, cognitive procedures that follow certain logical rules

Answer 31

mental operations

Question 32

According to Piaget, children in early childhood lack the ability to understand ___________, the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.

Answer 32

conservation

Question 33

Piaget interpreted children’s mistakes on conservation tasks as indicating two kinds of cognitive deficiencies.

The first is _______, meaning that young children’s thinking is centred, or focused, on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.

Second, young children lack ______, the ability to reverse an action mentally.

Answer 33

• centration
• reversibility

Question 34

Another cognitive limitation of the preoperational stage, in Piaget’s view, is __________, the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective.

Answer 34

egocentrism

Question 35

One aspect of egocentrism is _______, the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.

Answer 35

animism

Question 36

According to Piaget, when young children believe that the thunder is angry or the moon is following them, it reflects their ______ thinking

Answer 36

anamilistic

Question 37

Preoperational children also lack the capacity for _________, according to Piaget, meaning that they have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one ‘class’ or group.

Answer 37

classification

Question 38

Current research on cognitive development in early childhood has moved beyond Piaget’s theories. One popular area of research in recent years is _________, the ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others.

Answer 38

theory of mind

Question 39

In Piaget’s depiction of cognitive development, the young child is like a solitary little _______, gradually mastering the concepts of conservation and classification and overcoming the errors of egocentrism and animism

Answer 39

scientist

Question 40

In Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes?

Physical stability

Reversibility

Centration

Conservation

Answer 40

Conservation

Question 41

Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of______________.

animism

sensorimotor thought

centration

reversibility

Answer 41

animism

Question 42

Which of the following is TRUE regarding theory of mind?

It refers to the independence and stubbornness characteristic of toddlers as they develop a sense of self.

It develops the same way in all cultures.

It begins to develop around age 5.

It is measured with false-belief tasks.

Answer 42

It is measured with false-belief tasks.

Question 43

According to your text, what is one of the factors that make cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures?

Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they do not have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do.

Parents in developed countries have assimilated into the culture and are not as interested in teaching their children skills or traditions as parents in traditional cultures are.

Children in developed countries are not interested in guided participation in daily activities the way children in traditional cultures are.

Parents in developed countries believe that their children should learn independently.

Answer 43

Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they do not have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do.

Question 44

Learning to set the table in a developed country, such as New Zealand, or to help prepare food in a non-traditional culture, such as Botswana, are examples of cultural learning. According to Vygotsky, these skills .

develop as part of a social process

must be learned in the sensorimotor stage first or they never fully develop

develop best if they take place in a formal setting

are usually first taught in toddlerhood

Answer 44

develop as part of a social process

Question 45

young children learn new words they begin to form a mental map of interconnected sets of word categories

Answer 45

fast mapping

Question 46

the most amazing advance in early childhood language is the growth in children’s _________

a) attention

b) vocabulary

c) wisdom

d) possessives

Answer 46

B

Question 47

While learning language, children who learn English and other Western languages have been shown to fast map _______ first.

verbs

nouns

adjectives

possessives

Answer 47

nouns

Question 48

Which of the following is TRUE?

Children learning English fast map nouns earlier than verbs.

Japanese and Korean children tend to learn nouns before verbs.

In both Eastern and Western languages, modifiers are added before nouns and verbs.

Vocabulary growth slows down in toddlerhood and then speeds up again by around age 5.

Answer 48

Children learning English fast map nouns earlier than verbs.

Question 49

In Berko’s (1958) classic experiment, she showed young children a picture of a figure called a ‘wug’ and then showed them two of these figures. She then asked them to respond to the following statement: ‘Now there are two ’. Berko was measuring children’s understanding of what?

overextension

possessives

pragmatics

grammar

Answer 49

grammar

Question 50

Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking to his neighbour’s new baby. This demonstrates .

a) overregularisation

b) fast mapping

c) pragmatics

d) existence of the language acquisition device

Answer 50

c) pragmatics

Question 51

Children begin learning ________ even before they begin speaking, through gestures; for example, when they wave ‘bye-bye’ to someone when leaving.

Answer 51

pragmatics

Question 52

In order to use language effectively, children must learn not only vocabulary and grammar, but also the social rules or ________ for using language in interaction with others

Answer 52

pragmatics

Question 53

Young children become more adept not only at understanding others’ emotions, but also at controlling their own. In fact, _______ ________ is considered to be one of the major developmental tasks of early childhood

Answer 53

emotional self -regulation

Question 54

strategies that young children use when presented with an emotionally challenging situation are called ________, when children focus their attention on managing their emotions

Answer 54

effortful control

Question 55

Children who have problems of undercontrol in early childhood have inadequately developed emotional self-regulation. These children are at risk of _______ problems, such as aggression and conflict with others, in early childhood and beyond

Answer 55

externalising

Question 56

developing overcontrol, an excessive degree of self-regulation of emotions, is also problematic. This can lead to ________ problems, such as anxiety and depression, in early childhood and beyond

Answer 56

internalising

Question 57

Erikson (1950) noted in proposing that early childhood is the stage of _______ versus _______, children need to learn emotional control but without being so tightly regulated that they feel excess guilt and their ability to initiate activities is undermined.

Answer 57

initiative vs guilt

Question 58

One sociomoral emotion that is especially important to moral development in early childhood is _______

Answer 58

empathy

Question 59

As a result of gender socialisation, from early childhood onwards children use gender ______ as a way of understanding and interpreting the world around them

Answer 59

gender schemas

Question 60

It is not until age 6 or 7 that children attain gender __________, the understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change

Answer 60

constancy

Question 61

Earlier, children may be so insistent about maintaining gender _______ because they believe that changing external features like clothes or hair styles could result in a change in gender.

Answer 61

roles

Question 62

Once young children possess gender schemas, they seek to maintain consistency between their schemas and their behaviour, a process called self-_________. Boys become quite insistent about doing things they regard as boy things and avoiding things that girls do; girls become equally intent on avoiding boy things and doing things they regard as appropriate for girls

Answer 62

socialisation

Question 63

Which of the following is TRUE regarding emotional regulation?

The development of the temporal lobe promotes self-regulation.

Self-regulation develops earlier in boys than in girls.

Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

Different cultures have similar views about what the optimal level of control is.

Answer 63

Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

Question 64

In early childhood, .

moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children

children are not yet able to experience empathy

children from different cultures learn the same moral rules

children have more difficulty with perspective taking than they did earlier in development because of their stronger sense of self

Answer 64

moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children

Question 65

Gender identity .

develops much more quickly in females than males

includes an understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological

refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female

develops around age 5

Answer 65

refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female

Question 66

The way we organise and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as .

gender stereotyping

gender constancy

gender schemas

self-socialisation

Answer 66

gender schemas

Question 67

Chris realised that even though the teacher dressed up like Michael Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Based on this information, one would expect that Chris .

has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the gender identity of the teacher

uses gender schemas, but does not yet understand gender constancy

is a 4-year-old boy

is a 7-year-old boy

Answer 67

is a 7-year-old boy

Question 68

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest-quality experience. Which of the following should NOT be heavily weighted in your decision about which preschool to choose?

Whether the teachers have been formally trained and have educational credentials

Whether the teachers make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practise numbers and letters

Whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children, rather than with each other

Whether there is a small class size

Answer 68

Whether the teachers make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practise numbers and letters

Question 69

For the Japanese, .

preschool is mainly a time for children to learn social skills and gain experience of being a member of a group

learning academic skills is the number one goal of having their children attend preschool

the same top reasons for young children to attend preschool are listed by parents and preschool teachers as their counterparts in the United States

individuality is stressed from the time children enter preschool as a way to encourage to reach their full potential

Answer 69

preschool is mainly a time for children to learn social skills and gain experience of being a member of a group

Question 70

There is a broad consensus among early childhood scholars that preschool teaching should be based on .

repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts

building skills for science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM)

whole language learning

unstructured, hands-on experiences

Answer 70

unstructured, hands-on experiences

Question 71

Te Whāriki, the early childhood curriculum of NewZealand, incorporates all of the following EXCEPT:

learning in English only

holistic development

communication

belonging

Answer 71

learning in English only

Question 72

Which characteristics of quality child care and preschool settings were associated with better literacy and numeracy skills and more prosocial and fewer problem behaviours?

Child-centred, unstructured activities and longerhours

More books and educational toys

Smaller teacher-to-student ratios and more teacher-led activities

Emphasis on teaching academic skills

Answer 72

Smaller teacher-to-student ratios and more teacher-led activities

Question 73

Parental ________ is the degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behaviour and require their children to comply with them.

Answer 73

demandingness

Question 74

Parental __________ is the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth and concern for them

Answer 74

responsiveness

Question 75

parenting style in which there is high in demandingness and high in responsiveness - They set clear rules and expectations for their children. Furthermore, they make clear what the consequences will be if their children do not comply, and they make those consequences stick if necessary.

Answer 75

Authoritative parents

Question 76

parenting style in which there is high in demandingness but low in responsiveness. They require obedience from their children, and they punish disobedience without compromise. None of the verbal give-and-take common with authoritative parents is allowed by authoritarian parents. They expect their commands to be followed without dispute or dissent.

A) disengaged

B) Authoritarian

C) Authoritative

D) permissive

Answer 76

C

Question 77

parenting style in which there is low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. They have few clear expectations for their children’s behaviour, and they rarely discipline them. Instead, their emphasis is on responsiveness. They believe that children need love that is truly ‘unconditional’. They may see discipline and control as having the potential to damage their children’s healthy tendencies for developing creativity and expressing themselves however they wish. They provide their children with love and warmth and give them a great deal of freedom to do as they please.

A) Authoritative

B) Authoritarian

C) permissive

D) disengaged

Answer 77

C) permissive

Question 78

parenting style in which there is low in both demandingness and responsiveness. Their goal may be to minimise the amount of time and emotion they devote to parenting. Thus, they require little of their children and rarely bother to correct their behaviour or place clear limits on what they are allowed to do. They also express little in the way of love or concern for their children. They may seem to have little emotional attachment to them.

Answer 78

disengaged parents

Question 79

parenting associated with the most favourable outcomes, at least by some cultural standards. Children who have _______ parents tend to be independent, self-assured, creative and socially skilled

Answer 79

authoritative

Question 80

Children with ________ parents tend to be less self-assured, less creative and less socially adept than other children. Boys with _________ parents are more often aggressive and unruly, whereas girls are more often anxious and unhappy

Answer 80

authoritarian

Question 81

children with _______ parents tend to be immature and lack self-control. Because they lack self-control, they have difficulty getting along with peers and teachers

Answer 81

permissive

Question 82

Children with ________ parents also tend to be impulsive. Partly as a consequence of their impulsiveness, and partly because these parents do little to monitor their activities, and tend to have higher rates of behaviour problem

A) Authoritative

B) neglectful

C) permissive

D) disengaged

Answer 82

A) disengaged

Question 83

especially aggressive child may evoke authoritarian parenting; perhaps the parents find that authoritative explanations of the rules are simply ignored, and their responsiveness diminishes as a result of the child’s repeated disobedience and disruptiveness. what genotype → environment effects explain this?

Answer 83

evocative

Question 84

the effectiveness of time out has been shown to be effective with young children who have __________

Answer 84

behavioural problems

Question 85

Research on parenting has found that .

the two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness

children of permissive parents tend to do betterat school than children of other parentingstyles because they learn to think for themselves

there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children

the outcomes for children of authoritative parents are virtually identical to outcomes for children of permissive parents

Answer 85

there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children

Question 86

If parents listen receptively to opinions from their children, their parenting style is considered to be .

authoritative

authoritarian

child-centred

autocratic

Answer 86

authoritative

Question 87

The dimension of parenting known as responsiveness is also known as .

setting limits

psychological control

warmth

disengagement

Answer 87

warmth

Question 88

The use of shame as a punishment .

is referred to as psychological control among American researchers

has been related to positive outcomes among Japanese and Aboriginal cultures

is associated with high rates of behavioural problems in Japanese children

is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment

Answer 88

is referred to as psychological control among American researchers

Question 89

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research?

Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behaviour.

Not all cultures have some system of discipline for misbehaviour; some feel that children are inherently good and do not need discipline.

Permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures that have a tradition of filial piety.

Japanese mothers usually respond to their children’s misbehaviour with loud reprimands and physical punishment.

Answer 89

Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behaviour.

Question 90

Lucien is still cared for mainly by his mother, who just recently stopped breastfeeding. He also spends a lot of time with his older siblings and the older children who live nearby. When he is distressed, the older children comfort him if the mother is not in the vicinity. Using Mead’s classification, Lucien would be considered a .

knee child

yard child

lap child

neighbourhood child

Answer 90

knee child

Question 91

Hyejin is an only child from China. Which of the following is most likely TRUE?

She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings.

She scores lower on likeability than her counterparts with siblings who have had to share and negotiate.

She would be considered overindulged and selfish.

She has poorer social skills, but is considered more assertive than her counterparts with siblings.

Answer 91

She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings.

Question 92

Based on the research, which of the following is most likely TRUE of Sebastian, a 4-year-old American male?

If he is especially physically aggressive at this time in development, he is unlikely to be more aggressive than his peers later on.

He is less likely to be physically aggressive than girls at this age.

He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age.

He is much more likely than female peers his age to use relational and verbal aggression.

Answer 92

He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age.

Question 93

which of the following would you most likely see 5-year-olds doing in a playground in a Western culture?

Girls playing catch with the boys

Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the furthest

Boys engaging in cooperative, fantasy play

Children playing in mixed-age groups

Answer 93

Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the furthest

Question 94

Which of the following is TRUE regarding media use in early childhood?

Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions.

Most of the research on the effects of music has focused on very young children.

Girls are more likely than boys to prefer violent programs because they are striving to achieve an independent and assertive identity.

Even young children can distinguish advertisements from program content.

Answer 94

Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions.

Question 95

For early childhood, Mead proposed two terms ti classify childhood social stages, what are they?

a) lap child and yard child

b) knee child and yard child

c) yard child and lap child

d) knee child and lap child

Answer 95

b) knee child and yard child

Question 96

two of the most researched topics concerning peers and friends in early childhood are play and _______.

Answer 96

aggression

Question 97

_______ aggression is involved when a child wants something (toys, food, attention) and uses aggressive behaviour or words to get it

Answer 97

Instrumental

Question 98

In general, individual differences in physical aggression remain ______ across time. That is, children who rarely display physical aggression in early childhood are unlikely to display it in middle childhood and adolescence, and children who are especially aggressive in early childhood tend to be more aggressive than their peers in later periods as well

Answer 98

stable

Question 99

________ aggression becomes more common in the course of early childhood. Like the increase in verbal aggression, the increase in _____ aggression reflects children’s growing cognitive and social understanding.

A) physical

B) verbal

C) relational

D) playful

Answer 99

C) relational

Question 100

In contrast to physical aggression, ________ aggression rises across early childhood. As children become more adept at using words, they grow capable of applying their verbal abilities to a wide range of purposes, including aggression.

Answer 100

verbal

Question 101

verbal aggression becomes substituted for _______ aggression across the years of early childhood as children learn that adults regard physical aggression towards peers as unacceptable and as children become more capable of restraining their physically aggressive impulses

Answer 101

physical