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PRE-REG-Thuri > ELECTROLYTES > Flashcards

ELECTROLYTES Flashcards

1
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of sodium causes hyponatremia?

A

Less than 133

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2
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of sodium causes hypernatremia?

A

> 146

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3
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of potassium causes Hypokalemia?

A

<3.5

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4
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of potassium causes Hyperkalemia?

A

> 5.5

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5
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of calcium causes Hypocalemia?

A

<2.12

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6
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of calcium causes Hypercalemia?

A

> 2.65

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7
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of phosphate causes Hypophosphatemia?

A

<0.7

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8
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of phosphate causes Hyperphosphatemia?

A

> 1.4

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9
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of magnesium causes Hypomagnesemia?

A

<0.6

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10
Q

What amount (mmol/L) of magnesium causes Hypermagnesemia?

A

> 1.1

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11
Q

What are the 5 disease states that cause hyponatremia?

A

Loss from burns
Severe exudative skin lesions
Infection
Addison disease
SAIDH.

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12
Q

What 5 drugs cause hyponatremia?

A

diuretics
carbamazepine
antidepressants
antipsychotics
PPIs

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13
Q

What are 8 symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

headache, cramps, circulatory failure, confusion, convulsions, postural hypotension, fatigue, weakness

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14
Q

What are the 5 disease states that cause hypernatremia?

A

Insufficient fluid intake.
Excessive water loss in diarrhoea/vomiting.
Sodium retention.
Cushing syndrome.
Uncontrolled diabetes.​

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15
Q

What 3 drugs cause hypernatremia?

A

NSAIDs,
Corticosteroids
Lithium

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16
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

lethargy
coma
fever, tachycardia, hypertension, dizziness, increased thirst, oedema​

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17
Q

What are the 4 causes of hypokalaemia?

A

inadequate intake
re-feeding syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
Loss from gastro-intestinal secretions e.g. diarrhoea​

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18
Q

What 5 drugs cause hypokalaemia?

A

diuretics
corticosteroids
Aminoglycoside Abx
theophylline
salbutamol, insulin

19
Q

What are the 6 consequences of Hypokalaemia?

A

muscular weakness, respiratory failure, paralysis, constipation, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death

20
Q

What are the causes of hyperkalaemia?

A

renal failure, metabolic acidosis, hypoaldosteronism, tumour lysis syndrome

21
Q

What drugs cause hyperkalaemia?

A

K-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, NSAIDs, heparins, digoxin, trimethoprim

22
Q

What are consequences of hyperkalaemia?

A

arrhythmias, muscle weakness, tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, paralysis​

23
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcemia?

A

vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, respiratory alkalosis

24
Q

What drugs cause hypocalcemia?

A

bisphosphonates, phenytoin, rifampicin, chemotherapy

25
Q

What are the consequences of hypocalcemia?

A

Generally asymptomatic

In severe cases: paranesthesia of the face, muscle spams, convulsions, and cardiac dysthymias (bradycardia, hypotension, arrythmias, QT prolongation)​

26
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

A

primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, dehydration, bone diseases ​

27
Q

What drugs cause hypercalcemia?

A

diuretics, lithium, digoxin, Vitamin D and A​

28
Q

What are the consequences of hypercalcemia?

A

bone pain and fractures, kidney stones, fatigue, depression, drowsiness, anorexia, confusion, disorientation.

29
Q

What are the causes of hypophosphatemia?

A

inadequate intake, alcoholism, reduced absorption, increase insulin secretion, acute respiratory alkalosis, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency​.

30
Q

What 2 drugs cause hypophophatemia?

A

bisphosphonates and cisplatin​

31
Q

What are the side effects of Hypophosphatemia?

A

mild irritability, confusion, delirium, seizures, arrythmias, muscle weakness, respiratory difficulties​

32
Q

What are the causes of hyperphosphatemia?

A

impaired excretion due to renal impairment or hypoparathyroidism, extracellular release from crash injury or acidosis, tumour lysis syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis

33
Q

What are the consequences of hyperphosphatemia?

A

generally asymptomatic, but in severe cases: muscle cramps, delirium, seizures.​

34
Q

What are the causes of hypomagnesemia?

A

abnormal loss from gastro-intestinal secretions such as diarrhoea, inadequate intake, chronic alcoholism, accompanying hypokalaemia/ hypocalcaemia​

35
Q

What drugs cause hypomagesemia?

A

aminoglycoside antibiotics, bisphosphonates, immunosuppressants, diuretics, digoxin, PPIs​

36
Q

What are the consequences of hypomagnesemia?

A

agitation, confusion, tremors, small muscle contraction, ventricular arrhythmias, ECG changes​

37
Q

What are the causes of hypermagnesemia?

A

haemolysis, renal failure, excessive, oral intake, diabetes ketoacidosis, trauma, tumour lysis sydrome​

38
Q

What drugs cause hypermagnesemia?

A

antacids, lithium toxicity

39
Q

What are the consequences of hypermagnesemia?

A

nausea, vomiting, weakness, reduced tendon reflexes, dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, respiratory depression.

40
Q

What are 6 subsections under LFTS?

A

Bilirubin​
Albumin​
Alanine Transferase (ALT) Liver specific​
Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Liver sensitive​
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)​
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)​

41
Q

What are the 2 functions of measuring serum creatinine?

A

Breakdown product of the muscle ​
Changes in creatinine levels can give an estimate of renal function​
Concentration dependent on muscle mass​

42
Q

What is the equation for creatinine clearance?

A

(140-age) X weight X F / serum creatinine (mmol/L)

43
Q

What should urea levels be?

A

(2.5 – 7.8 mmol/l)

44
Q

What electrolyte imbalance does omeprazole cause?

A

hypomagnesaemia

PRE-REG-Thuri (44 decks)

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