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AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy > Nervous System Review > Flashcards

Nervous System Review Flashcards

1
Q

Encased in the bones of the skull and vertebral column

A

CNS

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2
Q

Grossly consists of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and subcortical structures) and spinal cord

A

CNS

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3
Q

Control center, integration, processing

A

CNS

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4
Q

Spinal nerves –31 pairs
Cranial nerves—12 pairs

A

PNS

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5
Q

Carrying information to and from the central nervous system
And the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Involuntary, automatic

A

PNS

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6
Q

Sensation from skin, organs, joints, etc.

A

somatic division of PNS

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7
Q

motor neurons and impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

A

somatic division of PNS

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8
Q

sensory info from visceral organs to CNS

A

autonomic division of PNS

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9
Q

motor info from cns to smooth muscles, cardiac and glands

A

autonomic division of PNSf

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10
Q

frontal lobe

A

Higher mental processes

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11
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes sensory information

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12
Q

occipital lobe

A

Processes visual information

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13
Q

temporal lobe

A

Processes auditory information

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14
Q

insula

A

Involved in consciousness
May be implicated in expressive aphasia

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15
Q

limbic lobe

A

Processes memory and emotion

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16
Q

covering over insula

A

opercula

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17
Q

Emerges from between two adjacent vertebrae

A

spinal nerve PNS

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18
Q

Well protected
Vertebrae
Meninges

A

spinal cord (CNS)

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19
Q

What do spinal nerves do?

A

convey sensory and motor information

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20
Q

limbic lobe is mostly composed of

A

the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

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21
Q

limbic lobe, aka

A

cingulate gyrus

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22
Q

spinal nerve carrying motor information

A

To muscle or gland
Efferent/descending

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23
Q

spinal nerve carrying sensory information

A

From receptor organ
Afferent/ascending

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24
Q

The cauda equina lies below

A

the lumbar 2 vertebra

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25
Q

gives rise to the spinal cord

A

medulla

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26
Q

Do the spinal nerve roots and numbered vertebrae correspond to one another

A

yes

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27
Q

cervical

A

7 vertebrae, 8 spinal nerves

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28
Q

thoracic

A

12 vertebrae and 12 spinal nerves

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29
Q

lumbar

A

5 vertebrae and 5 spinal nerves

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30
Q

sacral

A

1 vertebrae (5 fused) and 5 spinal nerves

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31
Q

anterior =

A

ventral

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32
Q

posterior =

A

dorsal

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33
Q

motor roots

A

anterior

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34
Q

sensory roots

A

posterior

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35
Q

Coccygeal

A

1 fused vertebrae (3-4) and 1 spinal nerve

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36
Q

what causes massive bleeding if a meningeal artery is torn?

A

High arterial blood pressure

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37
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

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38
Q

2 layers of dura

A

meningeal and endosteal

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39
Q

which dura is closest to the skull?

A

endosteal

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40
Q

what protects CNS

A

scalp and skin
skull and vertebral column
meninges

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41
Q

what is the falx cerebri

A

dura that dips in and separates l and r hemisphere and doesn’t go all the way in because of the cc (connection bw two hemispheres

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42
Q

which layer adheres to the skull?

A

endosteal

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43
Q

this outer layer serves as the periosteum

A

endosteal

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44
Q

Spaces where the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura separate
Cavities

A

venous sinus

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45
Q

largest of venous drainage system

A

superior sagittal sinus

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46
Q

part of venous drainage system that drains blood

A

inferior sagittal sinus

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47
Q

end in jugular vein to drain used blood and fluids from the brain (cranial vault)

A

transverse, straight and sigmoid sinus and others

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48
Q

two layers of dura folded together and separates down into long fissure and provides separation of structures

A

falx cerebri

49
Q

explain the tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres
near cerebellum (tent over it)
helps keep parietal and occipital from squishing down on the cerebellum
holds these up to avoid this

50
Q

below tectorium (cerebellum and bs)

A

infratentorial

51
Q

above tent (cerebral hemispheres)

A

supratentorial

52
Q

are lesions in supratentorial or infratentorial better

A

lesions in supratentorial because infratentorial in the BS because all life sustaining things happens here and having a lesion can be fatal

53
Q

the opening where the brainstem passes into the cerebrum

A

tentorial notch

54
Q

why is the area of tentorial notch dangerous for concussions or head trauma ?

A

because soft tissues are sheared at this notch against hard leather and can cause damage

55
Q

provides lift and support and keeps things from squishing other things

A

dura mater

56
Q

what sits above the tentorial cerebelli

A

occipital lobe

57
Q

what sits below TC?

A

cerebellum

58
Q

another name for tentorial notch

A

tentorial incisure

59
Q

lies on the inner surface of the dura
Web-like

A

arachnoid

60
Q

the space below the arachnoid but above the pia

A

subarachnoid space

61
Q

what is in the subarachnoid space

A

CSF
cisterns (large pockets) - enlargement of sub space

62
Q

what are Arachnoid trabeculae?

A

collagenous (collagen fibers) strands connect the arachnoid and the pia for suspension

63
Q

closely adheres to the CNS tissue, following the gyri and fissures

A

pia

64
Q

do all of the meninges cover the spinal cord too?

A

YES

65
Q

areas where we can do epidural injection or go into

A

subarachnoid space in cauda eqina and pull out CSF without damaging tissue in areas of lumbar cistern or filum terminale??

66
Q

does the dura in the SC have two layers?

A

no, just one

67
Q

do the meninges in the SC attach the same as in the cerebral cortex?

A

no, slight differences in how the dura and pia connect to the spinal cord, vertebrae and nerve roots

68
Q

is there an epidural space in the sc?

A

yes

69
Q

are the Arachnoid layer and subarachnoid space are similar to those in the brain?

A

yes

70
Q

what anchors the spinal cord

A

Lumbar cistern exists (pocket), denticulate ligament and filum terminale of pia and dural sheat

71
Q

what occurs if the meningeal arteries are torn

A

epidural hematoma

72
Q

Explain what happens with an epidural hematoma

A

Most frequently after skull fracture
above dura
Bleeding between the periosteum (endosteal layer of the dura) and the skull bones
Death can occur within minutes if meningeal arteries are torn
bleeding bw dura and bone and pushes dura down to create pocket of blood here
happens with meningeal artery tears
this is the biggest concern with head trauma

73
Q

are arteries or veins under more pressure?

A

arteries needs pressure to pump up but veins drain more so with gravity down
torn artery creates squirting artery

74
Q

from dural venous sinus or vein attachment at the sinus (blood is beneath the dura)

A

subdural hematoma

75
Q

Explain what happens with a subdural hematoma

A

underneath dura
head injury from motorcycle accident
can still cause problems like epidural but not as likely
Rapid accelerations or decelerations of the head can cause the tearing of cerebral veins
May be acute with fast symptoms like an epidural hematoma or very slow in producing symptoms

76
Q

Bleeding between the brain and the arachnoid (under the arachnoid)

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (sometimes called subarachnoid hematoma

77
Q

explain what happens with a subarachnoid hematoma

A

Bleeding is generally from veins—less pressure
Can be from an artery
From severe blow to the head or from a rupturing blood vessel in the brain (i.e. a ruptured aneurysm)

78
Q

Epidural (extra-dural) CT results

A

lemon shape bc the dura is adhering to bone and make a pocket

79
Q

Subdural CT results

A

banana shape, following the contour of the subarachnoid space and cerebrum

80
Q

what are the protections of the CNS?

A

Hard bony skull and vertebrae
Meninges
CSF for buoyancy and cushioning
Protection from vibration, pressure, temperature
Chemical barrier—blood brain barrier
Regulation of temperature and function by the brain itself

81
Q

what is the role of CSF

A

Clear and colorless
Buoyancy and chemical homeostasis

82
Q

How does CSF contribute to chemical homeostasis

A

Draining unwanted water-soluble substance away from the CNS, out of the skull
Supplying some nutrients
Excretion of waste products as CSF leaves the CNS
Transporting hormones

83
Q

Adult brain contains approx ____ ml of CSF

A

150

84
Q

most of the CSF is in ventricles and smaller amount is in the subarachnoid space

A

false, most is in the subarachnoid space and less in the ventricles

85
Q

where is CSF produced

A

by choroid plexus (in all ventricles and granular tissue)

86
Q

How often is CSF replaced?

A

replaced multiple times per day

87
Q

Explain the flow of CSF

A

lateral is in arching c shape
fluid flows down in where two thalami make a pocket (3rd)
flows down cerebral aqueduct into 4 ventricle
leave out of openings and flows up and around brain and down and around spinal cord
flows from the two lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere) through the paired interventricular foramina of Monro (holes) to the single midline third ventricle of the diencephalon. From the third ventricle, CSF flows through the tube-like cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain to the fourth ventricle of the pons and medulla

88
Q

Explain process of CSF (think of choroid plexus)

A

made by the choroid plexus and circulates throughout the brain, through the ventricles, through the cerebral aqueduct, and out of the brain through the foramen of Magendie. From there, it circulates around the brain and is absorbed by way of the arachnoid granulations into the venous sinuses (sagittal sinus along the convexity and epidural sinuses in the root sleeves)

89
Q

one way valve taking high pressure CSF to go to the sinuses and then dumped into other sinuses and out through the jugular vein

A

arachnoid villi or granulations (pressure sensitive straws or one way valves)\

90
Q

what happens to csf after the 4th ventricle?

A

exits the fourth ventricle via the two lateral foramina of Luschka and the single median foramen of Magendie to enter the cisterna magna of the subarachnoid space
in the fourth ventricle can flow into the central canal which runs down the length of the spinal cord (This is usually closed in adults)
circulates rostrally through the subarachnoid space to reach the superior sagittal sinus

91
Q

if the CSF pressure is less than the venous pressure, what happens?

A

the blood in the sinuses does not get to back flow through the arachnoid villi into the ventricular system.

92
Q

When the CSF pressure is higher than the venous pressure

A

CSF will flow into superior sagittal sinues. Arachnoid villi are”one way valves”

93
Q

in the skull, are the drainage system to carry blood and CSF away from the brain and to be recycled in the systemic blood flow.

A

Veins and the venous sinuses

94
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major responsible bacterial organism

A

meningitis

95
Q

How is meningitis acquired

A

infection spreads from meninges to the cochlea via the cochlear aqueduct
Cochlear damage to hair cells, supporting cells, stria vascularis and spiral ganglion (CNVIII cell bodies)

96
Q

Most common cause of acquired postlingual profound SNHL
Also ossification of the labyrinth

A

meningitis

97
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Disruption of CSF circulation

98
Q

How is hydrocephalus acquired

A

CSF pressure rises and ventricles expand
Can be from excess CSF production, blockage of circulation or deficiency in reabsorption
Blockage of circulation is most common (maybe from tumors occluding an area, usually a bottleneck area)

99
Q

what is communicating hydrocephalus

A

when lateral ventricles are still “communicating”/connected with the subarachnoid space and the problem is with the reabsorption through the arachnoid villa or tentorial notch

100
Q

what is noncommunicating hydrocephalus

A

Blockage could be due stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct or occlusion of the openings out of the 4th ventricle

101
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated

A

Shunt from the area of the problem in the ventricles to a remote areas such as the peritoneal cavity or other surgeries
Pressure from CSF of a growing mass (tumor) or a hematoma can cause parts of the CNS to herniate from one compartment to another in the CNS
If the brainstem is compressed the consequences are generally severe

102
Q

what is NPH

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Generally in patients over 60
Usually idiopathic NPH
Slowly developing from gradual blockage of CSF
CSF builds up and ventricles enlarge, compressing brain tissue—can be difficult to measure the increased pressur

103
Q

what are symptoms of NPH

A

abnormal gait, incontinence, memory problems, dementia

104
Q

treatment for NPH

A

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

105
Q

can NPH symptoms resolve?

A

yes if correctly diagnosed and treated

106
Q

what is NPH commonly mistaken for?

A

Can be mistaken for Alzheimer disease or Parkinson disease

107
Q

does CSF flow through central canal?

A

not in adults, this is usually closed

108
Q

why are CI’s rushed for individuals with meningites

A

profound snhl is cause of meningitis and our cure is CI’s- ossification is right where CI electrode goes so they want it in quickly before it ossifies completely

109
Q

water on the brain
excess CSF around the brain

A

hydrocephalus

110
Q

what are the 3 causes of hydrocephalus

A

excess CSF production, blockage of circulation or deficiency in reabsorption

111
Q

where is there a bottleneck ?

A

from lateral to interventricular = tiny tube
out of 4th ventricle at medial and lateral
third to central aqueduct

112
Q

disruption of CSF circulation

A

hydrocephalus

113
Q

where can hydrocephalus occur

A

inside ventricles - expand inside out
push on walls of brain
subarachnoid space - pushing down from outside on brain

114
Q

pressure from outside - sas is pressing down on the tissues

A

communicating hydrocephalus

115
Q

balloons from inside - CSF stuck in ventricles

A

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

116
Q

unknown cause

A

idiopathic

117
Q

caused by drug or substance that interferes with development of the embryo or fetus

A

teratogenic

118
Q

caused by dx, manner or tx of a physician

A

Iatrogenic

119
Q

characterized by ventriculomegaly, impaired gait, cognitive impairment and urinary incontinence

A

NPH

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy (24 decks)

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