Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the eye composed of

A

outer
middle
inner (retina) layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the thin watery fluid anterior to the lens and between the cornea

A

aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what fluid is in the anterior and posterior chambers

A

aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is aqueous humor produced?

A

ciliary process in the posterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how often is ah produced?

A

replaced every 2-3 hours/constantly produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what can be a result of an inbalance in production and reabsorption of ah and intraocular pressure rises?

A

constricts blood flow to the retina
blindness can result
glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is the ah replaced?

A

collects in the canal of schlemm before it enters the venous dranage of the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thick, jelly-like semifluid found posterior to the lens, between the lens and the retina

A

vitreous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what fluid is important for maintaining the shape of the eye/orbit

A

vitreous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the only nerve that the arachnoid follows all along to its final destination?

A

CN II (optic nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

considered extension of diencephalon/window to the CNS system

A

CN II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

white part of the eye

A

sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

clear portion of the eye anteriorly
nonadjustable lens of the eye

A

cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

does the cornea layer change shape

A

no, the lens underneath does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the outer layer also known as

A

corneoclera layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the adult eye the ______ become the sclera and the choroid which cover the posterior 5/6 of the eye.

A

meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sclera is continuous with _____ and the choroid is continuous with the _______

A

dura
pia-arachnoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what can an Opthalmoscopic examination show

A

specific changes due to increased intracranial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is papilladema

A

swelling of the retinal veins and blurring of the margin of the papilla
the most important sing of increased intracranial pressure that can be seen during a routine neurological exam
papilla starts to protrude into the eye instead of remaining depressed when viewed 3-dimensionally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where does the pupillary constriction come from

A

Pupillary constriction is mediated by the parasympathetic component of CN III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what contains the blood vessels and nerves

A

choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pigmented portion and consists of smooth muscles for constricting and dilating the pupil

A

iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is dilation of the eye mediated?

A

mediated by sympathetic neurons from spinal cord segments T1 and T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pertaining to a division of the autonomic nervous system originating from brainstem nuclei or the sacral spinal cord

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pertaining to a division of the ANS originating from the lumbar and thoracic spinal cord

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is horner’s syndrome?

A

Transverse spinal cord lesion at T1 (to T2), result in constricted pupil (aka miosis), ptosis, facial anhidrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what types of syndrome can result in blue-gray iris because of failure to pigment

A

congenital syndrome??

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

thin guide ropes

A

zonula fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

suspended behind the iris by zonula fiber (thin guide ropes) that are anchored in the ciliary body

A

lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

contains involuntary muscles that vary the tension exerted on the lens by the zonula fibers

A

ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Adjusting the shape of the lens to make it more rounded is called

A

accomodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

why is accommodation in our eyes important?

A

enables us to focus on near objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when is the lens flatter?

A

objects that are further away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when is the lens rounded?

A

closer objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

a refractive error that makes it hard for middle-aged and older adults to see things up close.
loss of elasticity progresses rapidly after about age 45, and by age 60 accommodation is virtually lost

A

presbyopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

he light-sensing part of the eye

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

extension of the diencephalon

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what cell types are in the retina?

A

interneurons, amacrine cells, bipolar cells (CN II cells) and horizontal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

photoreceptors for black, white and gray vision and are important for night vision

A

rods

40
Q

the photoreceptors for color vision and for high visual acuity

A

cones

41
Q

what are the photoreceptors of the retina?

A

rods & cones

42
Q

specialized receptors in the eye?

A

photoreceptors

43
Q

do the superficial layers in the retina (between the light source and the photoreceptive endings) reduce visual sensitivity?

A

no because the layers of superficial cells don’t absorb/distort the light

44
Q

most anterior cells in the retina

A

retinal ganglion cells

45
Q

axons of these bipolar cells form the optic nerve (CN II)

A

retinal ganglion cells

46
Q

what are stimulated by the light?

A

rods and cones

47
Q

only rods and cones respond to light

A

true

48
Q

Once light reaches rods and cones, what occurs?

A

graded receptor potentials are produced (more photons, more graded change (amplitude modulated) in receptor potentials)
The excitation is passed on to other cells of the retina
When the retinal ganglion cells finally receive the excitation, action potentials are generated if the stimulus is above threshold

49
Q

describe the process of stimulation of rods and cones

A

once the stimulus (light) strikes rods and cones, stimulated and created receptor potential and with enough change triggers an action potential in the nerve, ap travels the pathway and gets info into the CNS and into the brain

50
Q

where axons of the ganglion cells leave the eye to form the optic nerve

A

optic disk

51
Q

natural blind spot

A

optic disk

52
Q

region where no photoreceptors, ganglion cells or other interneurons are present

A

optic disk/natural blind spot

53
Q

region of the retina about 1 cm in diameter

A

macula

54
Q

what provides the sharp straight ahead vision that is needed for driving and reading small print?

A

macula as a whole

55
Q

what is the area rich in cones and not rods?

A

fovea

56
Q

directly in line with the visual axis and is the region of highest visual acuity

A

fovea

57
Q

provides the sharp, straight-ahead vision that is needed for driving and reading small print

A

macula

58
Q

How can we get poorer vision?

A

people with diabetes, genetics, other diseases, aging

59
Q

About 80% of the fibers of the optic tract synapse in the ________

A

lateral geniculate nucleus.

60
Q

Describe the Retinogeniculostriate pathway

A

Retinal ganglion cells axons of CN II pass to the optic chiasm where some decussate and enter either the left or right optic tract
Most fibers in the optic tracts terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
Fibers from the lateral geniculate nucleus project through the internal capsule and become the optic radiations
Projecting to the primary visual cortex (Brodmann’s area 17) either above or below the calcarine sulcus, in the cuneus or lingual gyrus respectively
Projections from LGN to area 17 are ipsilateral

61
Q

overarching term for things that leave the thalamus and go to the cortex

A

thalamocortical projections

62
Q

The visual cortex is also called

A

striate cortex

63
Q

Lateral geniculate has ______ layers.

A

6

64
Q

Ipsi fibers to layers ________ and contra fibers to layers _______

A

2,3,5
1,4,6

65
Q

is everything mapped?

A

yes

66
Q

what is the tectal pathway?

A

combined visual and reflex pathway

67
Q

describe the tectal pathway

A

Some fibers of the optic tract synapse in the superior colliculus
Fibers from the superior colliculi project to the pretectal area and to the thalamus (to the pulvinar, a nucleus in the thalamus)
Retina to superior colliculus in the midbrain tectum

68
Q

where do fibers from the pulvinar go?

A

Fibers from the pulvinar project on to the cortex (not primary visual cortex but other areas in the temporal lobe for abstract visual interpretation)

69
Q

what is superior colliculi important for?

A

visual attention and detection of movement
It activates neurons of the tectospinal pathway to orient the head to a novel moving visual stimulus

70
Q

relating to biologic variations or rhythms with a cycle of about 24 hours.

A

circadian rhythms

71
Q

optic radiations going from lateral geniculate are in what lobe?

A

temporal

72
Q

below calcarine sulcus

A

upper visual field

73
Q

above calcarine sulcus

A

down visual field

74
Q

right vf goes to

A

left brain

75
Q

left vf goes to

A

right brain

76
Q

can we have vision and auditory problems if we have a deficit to the temporal lobe?

A

yes, cortical deafness and blindness

77
Q

what does conjugate eye movement mean?

A

both eyes move in the same direction

78
Q

lenses round

A

accomodation

79
Q

convergence

A

when it rounds the lens to see up close, both eyes come close to the nose (both medial rectus muscles pull and lr relaxes on both sides)

80
Q

Does Bright light directed into one eye causes pupils of both eyes to constrict?

A

YES

81
Q

consensual

A
  • light that went to the other eye
82
Q

direct response

A
  • the one that went to the eye
83
Q

describe the light reflex

A

Action potentials from retinal ganglion cells through CN II (optic nerve), optic chiasm and optic tract to the superior colliculus (tectal pathway)
Two halves of the tectum are connected by the posterior commissure
Parasympathetic component of CN III is activated
Ciliary ganglion activated
Pupillary constrictor muscles activated
No cortical involvement

84
Q

why do physicians flash light into eyes with comas?

A

w/ cortical head injury, quick assessment that when they flash light in their eye there should be a bilateral reflex constriction and this is to see the BS and T1and T2 to make sure the BS is still in tact

85
Q

what is the accomodation-convergence reflex

A

if i go to read something that is close, visual info goes to cortex and lets it know it is blurry, then sends info back out to accommodate and clear the vision

Adjustments of the lens by activation of the ciliary body to bring close objects into focus

After stimulus info reaches the visual cortex, impulses descend from V1 to the superior colliculus to activate the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Activation of the ciliary ganglion follows

86
Q

how do the smooth muscles of the ciliary body move for near vision?

A

rounded

87
Q

how do the smooth muscles of the ciliary body move for far vision?

A

flattened

88
Q

what happens during near vision?

A

as the eyes round to focus on a near object, the eyes converge due to contraction of the medial rectus muscles and pupils constrict to increase the definition of the image
CN III functions.

89
Q

both eyes move in the same direction

A

conjugate eye movement

90
Q

lenses round

A

accomodation

91
Q

when it rounds the lens to see up close, both eyes come close to the nose (both medial rectus muscles pull and lr relaxes on both sides)

A

convergence

92
Q

optic radiations going from lateral geniculate are in what lobe?

A

temporal

93
Q

can we have vision and auditory problems if we have a deficit to the temporal lobe?

A

cortical deafness and blindness

94
Q

below calcarine sulcus

A

upper vf

95
Q

above calcarine sulcus

A

lower vf

96
Q

left brain

A

right vf

97
Q

right brain

A

left vf

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions