Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

normal pH

A

7.35-7.45
>7.45=alkalosis
<7.35=acidosis

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2
Q

buffer systems

A

pH balance
-20:1 ratio
compensatory buffers
-respiratory system
kidneys
-renal system
-normal bicarb=22-26

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3
Q

chemical buffer system

A

combine with excess acids or bases to stop pH changes
-HCO3 buffer system
-proteins
-H+/K+ exchange system
20:1 bicarb to carbonic acid in plasma

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4
Q

renal buffer system

A

eliminate H+, reabsorb/make HCO3-
-tubular buffer systems (phosphate buffer)
-chloride bicarb exchange

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5
Q

respiratory buffer system

A

lungs excrete CO2+H20 (H2CO3)
-adjusted by rate+depth of breathing for pH changes

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6
Q

bicarb buffer system equation

A

CO2+H2O↔H2CO3↔(HCO3–)+(H+)

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7
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

high carbonic acid, low pH
-inverse relationship with CO2 and pH

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8
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

low carbonic acid, high pH
-inverse relationship with CO2 and pH

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9
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

low bicarbonate, low pH

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10
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

high bicarbonate, high pH

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11
Q

metabolic acidosis causes

A

excess acids (H+) in blood:
-diabetic ketoacidosis
-lactic acidosis
-hyperthyroidism
-burns/infection
decreased HCO3-:
-diarrhea
-tubular acidosis (can’t absorb HCO3-)
-GI fistula (opening/rupturing)
-intestinal decompression

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12
Q

metabolic acidosis process

A

excess H+ binds to chemical buffers>decreased pH increases breathing out CO2>kidneys secrete H+>Na+, HCO3- return to blood>excess H+ diffuses into cells>changes K+, Na+, Ca2+ ions and muscle excitability

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13
Q

respiratory acidosis causes

A

decreased breathing from
-chronic lung disease
-pain medications
-infections
-burns
-weak respiratory muscles
headaches, blurred vision, irritability, tetanus, psychological disturbance

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14
Q

respiratory acidosis process

A

carbonic acid made when breathing decreases>2-3 DPG in RBC makes Hb release O2>CO2 build-up in tissues, fluids, CSF>CO2, H+ dilates cerebral BV, increased BF to brain>increased CO2 makes kidneys keep HCO3- and Na+ but excrete H+, NH4>excess H+ pushes K+ out of cells>hyperkalemia, lactic acid buildup decreases neurologic, cardiac function

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15
Q

metabolic alkalosis causes

A

excessive HCO3-:
-HCO3 reabsorption
-high aldosterone
-loop diuretics (fluid loss, not HCO3-)
-excessive antacids
decreased H+:
-NG suctioning
-vomiting
-hypokalemia

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16
Q

metabolic alkalosis process

A

excessive HCO3- binds to chemical buffers>leftover HCO3- increase pH>HCO3- not absorbed by kidney past 28 mEq/L>kidneys excrete excess Na+, H20, HCO3->low H+ causes K+ to move into cells>decreased Ca2+ increases Na+ permeability

17
Q

respiratory alkalosis causes

A

hyperventilation
-hypoxia
-anxiety, panic
-respiratory center stimulation (tumors)
causes neurological and cardiovascular problems

18
Q

respiratory alkalosis process

A

hyperventilation causes excessive CO2 loss>H+ is exchanged for K+ ions in cells>hypocapnia increases heart rate without an increase in BP>vasoconstriction, reduced cerebral flow leads to passing out>kidneys increase HCO3- and reduce H+ after 6 hours>hypocalcemia increases cell excitability

19
Q

lung compensation (resp buffer)

A

increased H+:
-increased breaths+depth to breathe out H2CO3
decreased H+:
-decreased breaths+depth to retain H2CO3

20
Q

kidney compensation (renal buffer)

A

increased H2CO3:
-increased H+ excretion
decreased H2CO3:
-decreased H+ excretion