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Pathophysiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

cellular hypertrophy

A

cell growth in response to increased demand

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2
Q

cellular atrophy

A

cell shrinking in response to cell injury
-reversible

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3
Q

cellular hyperplasia

A

increased cell count in response to increased demand

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4
Q

cellular dysplasia

A

rapid cell division in no order in response to cell injury/stress
-abnormal
-precursor to cancer

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5
Q

cellular metaplasia

A

cellular replacement in response to stress/cell injury
-reversible

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6
Q

cell death

A

necrosis or apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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7
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

increased cardiac size/mass

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8
Q

cardiac hypertrophy reasons

A

increased LV workload, increased demand, genetics

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9
Q

primary cardiac hypertrophy

A

inherited, genetic, no EKG changes

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10
Q

secondary cardiac hypertrophy

A

from an underlying condition that increases LV workload and increased myocardial cell size

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11
Q

cardiac hypertrophy manifestations

A

obstructed outflow: shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope, impaired function
-asymptomatic usually until cardiac arrest

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12
Q

cardiac hypertrophy diagnostics

A

genetic testing, hypertension, reduced exercise tolerance, arrhythmias, murmurs

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13
Q

cardiac hypertrophy treatment

A

surgical, pharmacologic, activity restriction

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14
Q

cervical metaplasia and dysplasia

A

found in the transformation zone of the cervix-precursor to cervical cancer
-asymptomatic
-pap smear testing, HPV test, biopsy
-usually from HPV, smoking

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15
Q

lines of defense for inflammation

A

first line: skin, mucous membranes
second line: inflammatory response
third line: immune response

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16
Q

acute inflammation results from

A

from tissue injury

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17
Q

acute inflammation process

A

-increases blood flow to injury site
-vasodilators (ex: histamine) and capillary permeability increased
-cell mediators: chemotaxis, adherence, migration, phagocytosis

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18
Q

5 signs of acute inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling/edema, pain, decreased function
-systemic manifestations: fever, increased leukocyte/protein count

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19
Q

acute inflammation treatment

A

reduce blood flow, decrease swelling, stop chemical mediators (ex: anti-histamines), decrease pain

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20
Q

chronic inflammation

A

inflammation lasting several weeks or longer
-macrophages, lymphocytes involved
-granuloma, scarring formation
-ex: immune disorders, arthritis

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21
Q

acute gastritis causes

A

irritating substances, poor gastric perfusion
-chronic NSAIDs, aspirin use
-smoking

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22
Q

acute gastritis

A

acute inflammation of the gastric mucosa

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23
Q

acute gastritis process

A

gastric epithelium necrosis>acid erodes underlying tissue

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24
Q

acute gastritis manifestations

A

abdominal pain, indigestion, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, bloody stool, anemia

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25
Q

chronic gastritis

A

chronic infection/autoimmune disease that leads to chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa
-usually H. pylori bacteria

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26
Q

chronic gastritis manifestations

A

mucosa atrophy, impaired gastric acid production, dyspepsia, anorexia, vomiting, anemia
-can be asymptomatic

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27
Q

chronic gastritis diagnosis

A

endoscopy, biopsy, blood protein test

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28
Q

acute gastritis diagnosis

A

endoscopy, stool analysis for blood, blood count for anemia

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29
Q

chronic gastritis treatment

A

PPIs, antibiotics, vitamin B12 supplements

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30
Q

acute gastritis treatment

A

stop irritating substances, antacids

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31
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

area of mucosal inflammation/erosion/breakdown and ulceration
-acute or chronic
-superficial or deep
-usually in duodenum/stomach
-gastric or duodenal

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32
Q

peptic ulcer disease cause

A

excessive acid secretions, disrupted mucosal barrier, H. pylori infection, smoking, chronic NSAIDs/aspirin use, stress, or alcohol

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33
Q

peptic ulcer disease treatment

A

PPIs, gastric resection, surgery if severe

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34
Q

peptic ulcer disease manifestations: gastric or duodenal

A

gastric: anorexia, pain with eating and after meals
duodenal: well nourished, pain on an empty stomach and helped with food

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35
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

autoimmune disease of chronic inflammation of the mucosa in the rectum and proximal colon
-ulceration, obstruction, GI bleeding

36
Q

ulcerative colitis manifestations

A

bloody diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue/weakness, anemia

37
Q

ulcerative colitis diagnosis/treatment

A

H&P, endoscopy, radiographs, blood count for anemia
-treatment: drugs, surgery

38
Q

crohns disease

A

autoimmune disease throughout the GI tract that causes ulcerations, fibrosis, impaired absorption and obstructions and breakdown of all mucosal layers

39
Q

crohns disease manifestations/treatment

A

abdominal pain, diarrhea, malnutrition, random bloody stool, fever, anorexia, malabsorption
-treatment: drugs, surgery

40
Q

5 types of antibodies

A

GAMED
IgG-GONE-previously affected
IgA-first line of defense-attacks mucosa
IgM-miserable-active infection
IgE-emergency-allergic reaction
IgD-help B cells

41
Q

innate immunity

A

non-specific, no antibodies involved, inflammatory process

42
Q

adaptive immunity

A

targeted attack from antibody to antigen, T and B lymphocyte activation

43
Q

innate immunity cells

A

neutrophils (phagocytosis), NK cells, marophages

44
Q

adaptive immunity cells

A

B cells (memory cells, IgG antibodies) and T cells (CD4 antigen specific cells direct the immune response)

45
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

immediate, allergic reactions

46
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

antibody-mediated reaction

47
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

autoimmune complex reaction

48
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

t cell mediated reaction (blood transfusion, transplants)

49
Q

autoimmunity

A

failure to distinguish cells that are self vs non-self
-damages organs or entire systems

50
Q

anaphylactic (allergic) reaction

A

exaggerated immune response from a type 1 hypersensitivity
-IgE response from previous sensitivity

51
Q

anaphylactic reaction process

A

type 1 hypersensitivity/IgE response>mast cell activation>smooth muscle dilation>bronchoconstriction>increased vascular permeability

52
Q

anaphylactic reaction phases

A

phase 1: difficulty breathing, skin flushing, itching
phase 2: hypotension, edema, shock, difficulty swallowing

53
Q

anaphylactic reaction treatment

A

desensitization (allergy shots), bronchodilators, vasoconstrictors

54
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

immunodeficiency from CD4 T-cell infection with HIV (CD4<200)

55
Q

AIDS process

A

lost active immune response from CD4s-no direction of immune response, B cells don’t make antibodies

56
Q

AIDS manifestations

A

opportunistic infections, immunocompromisation

57
Q

AIDS diagnosis

A

CD4 count<200, recurrent infections, HIV antibodies, HIV viral load

58
Q

HIV treatment

A

ART-suppresses viral load, preserves immune function, reduces mortality rate

59
Q

hepatitis

A

acute/chronic inflammation of the liver from infection

60
Q

hepatitis types

A

A, E: bowel: from contact with feces/oral contact
C: circulatory: from contact with blood
B: body fluids: contact with body fluids
D: from infection with B

61
Q

hepatitis manifestations

A

hepatocyte death
initially: fatigue, anorexia, fever, RUQ pain, generalized symptoms
developing: jaundice, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), dark urine/stool

62
Q

hepatitis diagnosis

A

blood viral antibody detection, bilirubin in urine, serum bilirubin, blood clotting time

63
Q

hepatitis treatment

A

fluids, antivirals, analgesics

64
Q

UTIs

A

ascending infections of the urinary tract that causes cell death in the epithelium
-usually from E. coli

65
Q

cystitis

A

bladder inflammation

66
Q

UTI manifestations

A

dysuria, frequency, hematuria, cloudy urine
-usually localized

67
Q

UTI diagnosis

A

H&P, urinalysis, urine culture

68
Q

UTI treatment

A

antibiotics, increased fluid intake

69
Q

pyelonephritis

A

bacterial infection of the kidneys
-usually an ascended UTI or from E. coli

70
Q

pyelonephritis risk factors

A

obstructions (kidney stones), incompetent voiding, frequent intercourse, STIs

71
Q

pyelonephritis manifestations

A

flank pain, fever, nausea/vomiting, dysuria, frequent urination, lower abdominal pain, bloody urine
-more systemic manifestations

72
Q

pyelonephritis diagnosis/treatment

A

H&P, urinalysis, urine culture
-treatment: antibiotics, surgery, IVs

73
Q

dehydration&fluid/electrolyte balance

A

sodium imbalance-hypernatremia or hyponatremia, hypovolemia

74
Q

dehydration causes

A

decreased intake, increased output (ex: diarrhea, emesis), fluid shifts (ex: ascites)

75
Q

dehydration manifestations

A

decreased LOC, longer capillary refill, changed vital signs, decreased urine output

76
Q

cirrhosis

A

liver disease (inflammation/damage) from interfered blood flow and hepatocyte damage

77
Q

cirrhosis causes

A

hepatitis or chronic alcohol use

78
Q

cirrhosis manifestations

A

altered fluid balance, portal hypertension, ascites, increased girth, increased weight, Na+ retention/hyponatremia, renal failure, jaundice

79
Q

cirrhosis diagnosis

A

examination/measurements, ascitic fluid analysis, liver/renal function tests, cardiac function tests

80
Q

cirrhosis treatment

A

paracentesis (fluid drainage), diuresis

81
Q

acid-base balance: plasma, renal, respiratory

A

plasma: reacts in seconds to H+ levels (acid) with bicarb (base) and K+
respiratory: reacts in minutes to get rid of CO2
renal: reacts in hours/days to make more bicarb (base) and ions

82
Q

impaired ventilation

A

blocked airflow in and out of the lungs

83
Q

causes of impaired ventilation

A

compression/narrowed airways, disrupted neurotransmission

84
Q

impaired diffusion causes:

A

hypoxemia (low blood O2), hypoxia, hypercapnia

85
Q

pneumonia

A

inflamed lungs, obstructed bronchioles, and alveoli from fluid accumulation

86
Q

pneumonia manifestations

A

productive cough, fever, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea, crackles

87
Q

emphysema

A

destroyed alveolar walls from A1 deficiency that obstructs airflow
-air trapping

Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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