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Pathophysiology > Alterations in Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Alterations in Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

circulation route of blood

A

from the body>right atrium>right ventricle>lungs>left atrium>left ventricle>pumps blood to the body

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2
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

made by the force of the left ventricle contraction to open the aortic valve

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3
Q

preload

A

blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (filling)-amount of blood returned to the heart

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4
Q

preload is increased from

A

hypervolemia, regurgitation of the valves, heart failure

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5
Q

afterload

A

the resistance the left ventricle combats to open aorta/circulate blood
-increased afterload means increased cardiac work

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6
Q

afterload is increased from

A

hypertensin, vasoconstriction

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7
Q

cause of hypertension

A

from flow: increased fluid and pressure
from resistance: increased resistance and pressure but decreased diameter
-all can cause stretching of the endothelial cells

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8
Q

cardiac output equals

A

CO=SVxHR

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9
Q

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

radius of arteries, degree of vessel compliance

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10
Q

blood pressure equals

A

BP=COxSVR

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11
Q

systolic BP

A

peak pressure during systole, controlled by stroke volume

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12
Q

diastolic BP

A

lowest pressure during diastole, controlled by SVR

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13
Q

pulse pressure equals

A

SBP-DBP

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14
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

average pressure in the circulatory system through the cardiac cycle
-65 is healthy, under is abnormal

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15
Q

ANS regulation of BP (short term regulation)

A

carotid/aortic baroreceptors respond to drops in BP>vasomoter center activates SNS>PNS is inhibited>increased BP from heart rate and SVR

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16
Q

long term regulation of BP

A

baroreceptors sense changes in pressure>a1 receptors in arterioles and b1 receptors in the heart activated
-ADH secretion from osmolarity and aldosterone from RAAS affect the fluid balance (angiotensin II increases SVR/causes vasoconstriction to increase BP)
-natriuretic peptides
-involves HR, SV, SVR

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17
Q

RAAS and blood pressure

A

kidneys secrete renin from decreased perfusion>creates angiotensin I>converted to angiotensin II in the lungs>arteriole constriction and aldosterone secretion>Na+, H20 retention>increased blood volume>increased vascular resistance>increased BV, SVR cause hypertension

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18
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure
-damaged endothelial tissue risks atherosclerotic vascular disease and vascular rupture
-increases morbidity with heart disease, kidney disease, PVD, stroke
-primarily asymptomatic

19
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure-tissues don’t get enough nutrients, oxygen, and removal of waste

20
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80

21
Q

elevated blood pressure

A

120-129/80

22
Q

stage 1 hypertension

A

130-139/80-89

23
Q

stage 2 hypertension

A

> 140/>90

24
Q

primary hypertension

A

idiopathic disorder-no known causes but related risks
-most common form of hypertension
-treatment is usually lifestyle changes, drug therapy is a last resort

25
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

decreases vascular resistance without increasing heart rate, cardiac output, or cardiac contractibility

26
Q

secondary hypertension

A

from a pathologic condition or from medications/chemicals
-usually in infants and preschool children

27
Q

vessel damage from hypertension

A

increased arterial pressure damages the endothelium>angiotensin causes endothelial wall contraction>plasma leaks into endothelial space>vessel wall necrosis

28
Q

organ damage from hypertension

A

from atherosclerosis in the coronary, renal and cerebral arteries
-increases the risk of stroke, angina, MI, heart failure, renal failure, retinopathy

29
Q

hypertensive emergecy

A

spiked systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure with organ damage
>180/>120

30
Q

hypertensive urgency

A

spiked systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure without organ damage
>180/>120

31
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

drop in systolic (>20) and diastolic (>10) BP when sitting up
-failure of the short-term control mechanism
-can have an excessive increase in heart rate (20-30 BPM)
-dizziness/blurred vision/fainting
-risk factor for stroke, cognitive impairment and death
-associated with heart disease

32
Q

orthostatic hypotension associations

A

existing pathologies, vasovagal reactions, cardiac volume depletion, dysrhythmias, drug therapy, alcohol, heat exhaustion, arterial stiffness

33
Q

orthostatic hypotension treatment

A

slow positional changing, avoiding heat, avoiding large meals, squatting/bending forward, compression socks

34
Q

t/f: a stroke can be transient, reversible, progressive, or complete

A

true

35
Q

ischemic strokes

A

interruptions of blood flow in a cerebral vessel (ex: thrombi, embuli)
-most common stroke
-location of stroke is important (area of brain, vessels involved, R/L side)
-duration/lack of O2 is important to see damage
-symptoms are sudden and severe

36
Q

hemorrhagic strokes

A

bleeding into brain tissue from blood vessel ruptures
-can be from: hypertension, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, head injuries, blood disorder
-hypertension is the MOST common cause
-high mortality rate
-headaches from ICP

37
Q

cerebral aneurysms

A

symptoms: headache, stiff neck, vasospasm
treatment: neurosurgery
complications: vasospasms

38
Q

arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

A

malformations where blood goes into the venous system without capillaries
-causes HIGH venous pressure
-AVM compresses structures or ruptures them
-treatment: surgical removal, radiation, embolization to close AVM

39
Q

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

quick episodes of ischemia
-doesn’t cause neurological damage but puts you at high risk for stroke
-usually from thrombi, sometimes emboli
-symptoms: sudden headache, vomiting, loss of neurologic function
-full recovery within a day

40
Q

ischemic penumbra

A

evolving strokes
-an area around a core of dead or dying cells getting low blood flow from an occlusion
-associated with embolic strokes

41
Q

stroke symptoms

A

hemorrhagic: sudden severe headache -loss of vision, aphasia, confusion, numbness/weakness in the face/arms/legs/side of the body, trouble walking and balancing

42
Q

stroke treatment

A

depends on the stroke-ischemic or hemorrhagic
-limiting the size of infarction, supporting body functions, rehab

43
Q

speech impediment with ischemic stroke

A

left area damage (brocas area, wernickes area): aphasia, impaired speech and language

Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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