Alterations in Blood Flow

Question 1

circulatory system function

Answer 1

transport O2, nutrients
remove metabolic waste

Question 2

3 layers of arteries and veins

Answer 2

tunica intima, media, adventitia

Question 3

tunica intima

Answer 3

innermost layer made of a single layer of endothelial cells

Question 4

tunica media

Answer 4

thick middle layer made of smooth muscle and elastin

Question 5

tunica adventitia

Answer 5

outermost layer made of connective tissue

Question 6

capillary anatomy

Answer 6

single layer of endothelial cells attached to a basement membrane

Question 7

blood flow equals:

Answer 7

pressure/resistance

Question 8

blood pressure equals:

Answer 8

flow x cardiac output x resistance

Question 9

resistance equals:

Answer 9

pressure/flow

Question 10

velocity of blood flow:

Answer 10

varies inversely with the total area of the vascular bed
ex: capillaries have the largest bed and the slowest flow

Question 11

capillary filtration

Answer 11

fluid gets filtered out of the capillary>goes into the arterial end>gets reabsorbed at the venous end>excess fluid goes into lymphatics for circulation

Question 12

capillary pressures

Answer 12

hydrostatic pressure=push
COP=pull
both balance each other out

Question 13

central control of blood flow

Answer 13

ANS: A1 receptors in vascular beds bind to norepinephrine which causes constriction (increased resistance, decreased blood flow)
also controlled locally by organs/tissue

Question 14

intrinsic control of blood flow

Answer 14

autoregulation: tissues dilate or constrict to regulate blood flow when there are changes in BP or metabolism

Question 15

control of lymphatic flow

Answer 15

contract when stretched with lymph to enhance flow

Question 16

blood vessel obstructions

Answer 16

thrombi, emboli, vasospasm, inflammation, external compression (ex: tight wrapping, casting)

Question 17

thrombi

Answer 17

blood clots in blood vessels

Question 18

emboli

Answer 18

particles, air, or mass that flow through the bloodstream

Question 19

manifestations of obstruction in the arterial system

Answer 19

distal ischemia (usually lower limbs)

Question 20

manifestations of obstruction in the venous system

Answer 20

distal edema

Question 21

blood vessel structural alterations

Answer 21

atherosclerosis/plaques, aneurysms

Question 22

peripheral arterial disease

Answer 22

causes: atherosclerosis and ischemia of the arteries
manifestations: decreased O2 causes pain from activity, no swelling, no pulse or weak pulse, no drainage, round and smooth sores, toe and foot gangrene

Question 23

peripheral venous disease

Answer 23

causes: incompetent veins, incompetent muscle pumps, deficient BP from hypertension, vein obstruction
manifestations: increased waste, achy pain, low leg edema, purulent drainage, bounding pulse, irregularly shaped sores on ankles, sloughy skin, pain from sitting/standing

Question 24

arteriosclerosis

Answer 24

hardening and stiffening of arterial walls

Question 25

atherosclerosis

Answer 25

build up of plaques in arteries

Question 26

atherosclerosis risks

Answer 26

modifiable: smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high fat diets/high cholesterol, obesity
non-modifiable: male gender, old age, genetics

Question 27

atherosclerosis development

Answer 27

a) endothelial cell injury (hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol)
b) inflammatory cells migrate to injury, initiation of adhesion
c) smooth muscle migration, foam cell formation and accumulation under endothelium
d) plaque development with necrotic core (CAP) that reduces radius and causes partial obstruction-plaques are unstable and can burst

Question 28

atherosclerosis manifestations

Answer 28

partial obstruction/narrowing of BV leading to ischemia, sudden obstruction from plaque rupture, thrombi and emboli formation from damaged endothelium

Question 29

acute arterial occlusion

Answer 29

sudden interruption of arterial blood flow to the affected tissue/organ
causes: thrombi, emboli, vessel compression, vasospasm, atherosclerosis
symptoms: 5 p’s: pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis

Question 30

buerger’s diease

Answer 30

thrombus formations that affect small/medium arteries and veins in the extremities-usually from smoking

Question 31

raynaud disease

Answer 31

extreme vasoconstriction that stops blood flow to the fingers and toes

Question 32

aneurysms

Answer 32

arterial dilations in structures with no supporting tissue-usually the aorta
classifications: true or false

Question 33

true aneurysm

Answer 33

all 3 layers of the artery are dilated (intima, media, adventitia)

Question 34

false aneurysm

Answer 34

tears that cause hematoma that disturbs the layers

Question 35

alterations in venous flow

Answer 35

incompetent valves causing varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis

Question 36

vein valve incompetence

Answer 36

overstretching in the valves from excessive pressure that results in venous insufficiency and back-flow
risks: pregnancy, obesity, right heart failure, prologned standing/sitting
manifestations: heaviness/tension, edema, stasis dermatitis, ulcer formations
treatment: exercise, medication, revascularization

Question 37

varicose veins

Answer 37

superficial dark and raised veins from valve incompetence
manifestations: aching, pain, ulcers, stasis dermatitis
treatment: elevation, compression socks, exercise, weight loss, vein ligation and stripping, sclerotherapy

Question 38

deep vein thrombosis

Answer 38

obstruction from thrombi-usually in lower extremities
causes: stasis, coagulation, vessel wall injury to endothelial lining
manifestations: edema, inflammation, dilated superficial veins, pain, death, emboli to pulmonary circulation
treatment: anticoagulants

Question 39

heparin

Answer 39

anticoagulant that prevents clot formation

Question 40

thrombolytics

Answer 40

break blood clots

Question 41

lymphedema

Answer 41

obstructed lymph flow from surgery or damage to lymphatic vessels
manifestations: edema, thick tissue