medical equipment and diagnostic imaging

Question 1

nasogastric tube (NG)

feeding

Answer 1

• plastic tube inserted through nostril that extends to stomach
• for ST liquid feeding, medication, or remove gas from stomach

Question 2

gastric tube (G)

feeding

Answer 2

• inserted through small incision in adbomen into stomach
• LT feeding d/t difficulty swallowing, anatomic or neurologic disorder, avoid risk of aspiration

Question 3

jejunostomy tube (J)

feeding

Answer 3

• tube inserted through endoscopy into jejunum via abdominal wall
• LT feeding for pts unable to receive food by mouth

Question 4

intravenous system (IV)

feeding

Answer 4

• sterile fluid source, pump, clamp, and catheter into vein
• can infuse fluids, electrolytes, nutrients, medication
• into superficial veins - basilic, cephalic, antecubital
• permit nutrients to be introduced when GI tract is not able to digest and absorb food

Question 5

arterial line

monitoring devices

Answer 5

• catheter inserted into artery and attached to electronic monitoring system
• measures BP and obtains blood samples
• more accurate, does not require repeated needle punctures

Question 6

central venous pressure catheter

monitoring devices
(You’re doing great <3)

Answer 6

• measure pressures in RA or SVC through indwelling venous catheter and pressure manometer
• evaluation RV function, RA filling pressure, circulating blood volume

Question 7

indwelling right atrial catheter (Hickman)

monitoring devices

Answer 7

• indwelling RA catheter inserted through cephalic or internal jugular vein, threaded into SVC and RA
• for long-term admission of substances - chemo, parenteral nutrition, antibiotics

Question 8

intracranial pressure monitor

monitoring devices

Answer 8

• measures pressure exerted against skull using pressure sensing devices inside skull
• excessive pressure can be d/t closed head injury, cerebral hemorrhage, overproduction of CSF, tumor
• include epidural sensor, subarachnoid bold, intraventricular catheter

Question 9

oximeter

monitoring devices

Answer 9

• photoelectric device for SpO2 in blood
• on finger or ear
• assess activity tolerance

Question 10

pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz catheter)

monitoring devices
(pultry-glands catheter)

Answer 10

• catheter inserted through vein into pulmonary artery
• for continuous measurement of pulmonary artery pressure
• avoid excessive movement of head, neck, extremities to avoid disrupting line at insertion site

Question 11

balanced suspension is usually used for

skeletal traction

Answer 11

• comminuted femur fractures
• pins, screws, wires surgically placed into bone to apply traction force using externally applied weight
• prolonged immoblization - increases secondary complications like contracture or skin breakdown

Question 12

chest tube

Answer 12

• flexible plastic tube inserted through incision into side of chest
• uses suction to remove air, fluid, pus from intrathoracic space
• can cause discomort

Question 13

mechanical ventilator

Answer 13

• controlled flow of gas into airways
• flow provides (+) pressure that produces lung inflation
• most often include volume cycled and pressure cycled
• volume cycled: deliver predetermined amount of gas based on pt’s needs during inspiratory phase, for LT support
• pressure cycled: deliver predetermined maximum pressure of gas during respiration - when pressure is reach, inspiratory phase ends
• expiratory phase is passive with both

Question 14

arteriography

(I’d map your insides)

Answer 14

• angriography
• invasive, uses x-ray and dye to visualize blood vessels, arteries, organs
• catheter inserted into artery in groin or arm and is guided to heart
• good for ID vascular abnormalities

Question 15

arthrography

Answer 15

• invasive, xray w/ dye
• direct (dye into joint) or indirect (dye into blood vessel)
• used on combo with other imaging
• more detailed image of joint compared to standard x ray

Question 16

bone scan

Answer 16

• skeletal scintigraphy
• invasive, detailed info for bony structures - fracture, infection, cancer, metastasis
• injection of radionuclide, gamma camera used to see what bones take up dye - osteoblasts take up dye, so scan shows areas w/ high levels of bone remodeling
• ID disease or stress fractures with as little as 4-7% bone loss
• low dose radiation, less expensive than PET scan but invasive and takes several hours

Question 17

computed tomography (CT)

Answer 17

• non-invasive, mult x-rays from mult angles, images combined to make cross sectional images
• usually used to diagnose spinal lesions and brain
• quick for emergent situations, can view multiple structures at one time
• higher does of radiation

Question 18

electrocardiography

Answer 18

• ECG/EKG
• recored electrical activity of heart

Question 19

electroencephalography

Answer 19

• EEG
• non-invasive, records electrical activity of brain with electrodes on scale
• for epilepsy or narclepsy - “evoked potential studies” EEG to measure brain response to light, sound, stimuli
• measure electrical activity, detects changes over miliseconds, costs less
• less effective for exact location, can be impacted by caffeine, meds, hair products; can cause seizure if EP study

Question 20

electromyography

Answer 20

• EMG
• recording electrical activity of skeletal muscles of muscle groups at rest and during voluntary contraction

Question 21

fluroscopy

Answer 21

• designed to show motion within body
• x-ray and contrast dye, allows for continuous visualization of movement
• joints, diggestive tract, barium swallow
• invasive, higher dose of radiation

Question 22

lumbar puncture

Answer 22

• invasive, diagnose problems with spine or brain
• insert needle into subarachnoid space of lumbar spine and draw out CSF
• diagnose encephalitis, meningitis, guillain-barre syndrome; measure pressure of CSF
• invasive, should not be performed if increased intracranial pressure, leakage of CSF can cause headache

Question 23

magnetic resonance imaging

(You have a magnetic resonance with my heart)

Answer 23

• MRI
• noninvasive, uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce cross-sectional images of body
• mostly used for imaging soft tissue structures, muscles, menisci, ligaments, tumors, internal organs
• good contrast, rarely require use of dye, no radiation
• cannot have metal in body

Question 24

myelography

Answer 24

• invasive, combines x-ray and fluroscopy or CT with use of dye to evaluate spinal structures - SC, nerve roots, meninges
• contrast dye injected into epidural space by lumbar puncture
• ID bone displacement, spinal stenosis, disk herniation, SC compression, injection/inflammation of meninges or tumors
• better detail of spinal structures than xray
• invasive, HA

Question 25

nerve conduction velocity test (NVC)

Answer 25

• determine extent of nerve damage, measures speed of electrical impulse through nerve
• 2 surface electrodes attached on skin over course of nerve - first stimulates nerve, second measures speed of electrical impulse
• used in conjuction with EMG testing - can allow determination of if condition is related to nerve pathology or muscle pathology
• diagnoses GBS, carpal tunnel, peripheral neuropathy

Question 26

positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 26

• invasive, uses radiography and injected radionuclide to determine metabolic activity or an organ or tissue - radionuclide attached to substance used by organ of interest (glucose for brain)
• determines amount of radionuclide taken up by organ thereby determining how metabolically active organ is
• used in oncology to ID malignant tumors, in neurology
• images function of organ instead of just anatomy
• invasive

Question 27

ultrasound

Answer 27

• noninvasive, sound waves produce images of structures within body, esp internal organs
• transducer on skin sends sound waves into body that reflect off internal strucutres and are received and processed by transducer - converted into image based on different speeds at which sound waves travel
• show image and movement of structure in real time
• doppler US for blood flow
• safe, less expensive, noninvasive, no radiation
• quality of image dependent on operator, cannot image structures w/ air (stomach) or behind bone (brain)

Question 28

venography

Answer 28

• invasive, x-ray and dye to visualize venous system
• catheter into vein in foot so dye can be injected
• usually for veins in leg but can be used for UEs or IVC
• usually for DVT, tumors, valve dysfunction
• low dose radiation
• invasive