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NPTE > gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

upper GI

Delete

A
  • mouth - mechanical and chemical digestion
  • esophagus
  • stomach: grinding, secretion of HCl and hormones that release digestive enzymes from liver, pancreas, gallbladder to assist with digestion
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2
Q

lower GI - small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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3
Q

lower GI - large intestine

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • signmoid colon
  • rectum
  • anus
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4
Q

gland organs

A
  • gallbladder: stores and releases bile into duodenum
  • liver: bile produced for absorption of lipid soluble substances, assist with red blood cell and vit K production, regulates serum carbs, proteins, fats
  • pancreas: exocrine - secretes bicarb and digestive enzymes; endocrine - secretes insulin, glucagon, other hormones into blood
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5
Q

common GI pathologies

A
  • esophagus: hiatal hernia, GERD, esophageal cx, dysphagia, varices, Barrett’s esophagus
  • stomach: gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cx, GI hemorrhage, motility/emptying disorders
  • intestines: malabsorptions, appendicitis, IBS, Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis, colon cx, intestinal hernia, diverticular diseases
  • rectum and anus: cx, hemorrhoids, anorectal fistula, rectal fissue
  • gallbladder: gallstones, cholecystitis, cx
  • liver: cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), ascites, heptic encephalopathy, liver cx, hepatomegaly
  • pancreas: pancreatitis (acute or chornic), DM, pancreatic cx
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6
Q

kehr’s sign

A
  • pn in left shoulder w/ abdominal palpation w/ pt in supine, legs elevated
  • left shoulder pain that is caused by the irritation of the inferior surface of the diaphragm due to bleeding from a splenic rupture
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7
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

esophagus

A
  • incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that allows reflux of gastric contents
  • s/s heartburn, belching, chest pain, hoarseness
  • -> barrett’s esophagitis
  • douglas s/s
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8
Q

gastritis

stomach

A
  • inflammation of gastric mucosa or inner layer of stomach - similar s/s to GERD but w/ higher intensity
  • erosive gastritis (acute): from NSAIDs, etoh, virus, trauma; dyspepsia, N/V; remove disease stimulus, pharm intervention
  • non-erosive gastritis (chronic type B): result of helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, asymptomatic, treated aggressively, proton pump inhibitor
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9
Q

gastritis s/t NSAID use may be _

A

asymptomatic

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10
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A
  • erosion of GI mucosa - imbalance btw protective mechanisms of stomach and secretion of acids within stomach
  • many caused by H pylori and chronic NSAID use - risk increased by stress, etoh, meds, foods, smoking
  • lots of same s/s but specific to H pylori - halitosis, rosacea, flushing
  • pharm intervention or sx
  • pain radiates from mid thoracic to RUQ and shoulder
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11
Q

conditions associated w/ diarrhea and constipation

A
  • diarrhea: IBS, hyperthyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, endocrine disorder, incomplete obstruction of bowel, diverticulitis, certain meds, caffeine, diet, malabsorption, pelvic inflam diseaes
  • constipation: MS, SC tumors, IBS, DMD, endocrine disorder, diverticulitis, inactivity, bowel obstruction or fecal impaction, pregnancy, CVA, meds
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12
Q

malabsorption syndrome

intestines

A
  • reduced absorption and inadequate nutrition
  • celiac, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic carcinoma, pernicious anemia, AIDS, Crohn’s, Addison’s
  • s/t to defects in digestion
  • s/s weight loss, chronic diarrhea, anemia, fatigue, abdominal bloating, steatorrhea (oil covered stools), abdominal crmpas, indigestions, bone pain, excessive gas
  • treatment - avoid cause, take probiotics, antibiotics, diet modification, nutritional support
  • increased risk for osteoporosis, patho fx
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13
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A
  • recurrent symptoms of upper and lower GI
  • colon sensitive to certain foods or stress; could also be immune system, serotonin, bacterial infection; food, caffeine, smoking, alcohol
  • s/s normal weird stomach stuff
  • diagnosis of exclusion
  • can have severe symptoms but does not lead to serious disease
  • treatment w/ diet, pharm intervention, stress management
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14
Q

diverticulitis

A
  • inflamed or infected diverticula
  • diverticulosis - condition of having diverticula (pouch0like protrusions in colon)
  • most people are asymptomatic
  • treatment: increased dietary fiber
  • primary s/s is abdominal pain, tenderness over LLQ

about 25% of population

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15
Q

hepatitis

A
  • inflammatory processes in liver, most commonly viral (A, B, C, D, E, G) with A, B, C most common
  • mostly viral, but can also be drug reaction of etoh abuse -> caused by other viruses: epstein-barr, herpes I and II, varicella-zoster, measles
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16
Q

hepatitis A (HAV)

A
  • virus affecting liver and function
  • transmitted by close personal contact or fecal-oral (contaminated food or water)
  • flu-like symptoms
  • does not progress to chronic disease or cirrhosis of liver
  • recovery in 6-10 weeks
  • treatment supportive, virus self-limiting
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17
Q

hepatitis B (HBV)

A
  • vuris that affects liver and function
  • transmission through sharing needles, intercourse, exposure to infected blood/semen, maternal-fetal
  • small portion progress to chronic
  • treatment includes hep B immunoglobulin (HBIG) for unvaccinated within 24 hrs of exposure - then vasccinations
18
Q

hepatitis C (HCV)

A
  • one of primary etiologies for chronic liver disease and eventual liver failure
  • transmitted through sharing needles, intercourse, infected blood or semen, maternal-fetal exposure
  • large majority of post transfusion hepatitis cases
  • often asymptomatic with mild acute infection
  • increased frequency of hashimoto’s thyroiditis, DM, corneal ulceration
  • no vaccine
  • chronic hep in about 1/2 of cases, some progressing to cirrhosis of liver
19
Q

cirrhosis of liver

A
  • when healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue that blocks flow of blood through organ - preventing properliver functioning
  • usually from etoh abuse or HCV
  • common complications - ascites, edema in LEs, jaundice, gallstones, ecchymosis, bleeding
20
Q

cholecystitis and cholelithiasis

A
  • cholecystitis - inflammation of gallbladder that may be acute or chronic
  • most common cause is gallstones (cholelithiasis) impacted in cystic duct
  • s/s RUQ pain
21
Q

antacid agents

A
  • chemically neutralize gastic acid and increase intragastric pH
  • tums, milk of magnesia
  • aluminum containing, calcium carb containing, magnesium containing, sodium bicarb containing
22
Q

how to treat H pylori infection

A

antiobiotics

23
Q

anticholinergics

A
  • block effects of ACh on parietal cells in stomach and decrease release of gastric acid
  • for gastric ulcers
24
Q

H2 receptor blockers

A
  • bind specifically to histamine receptors to prevent histamine activiated release of gastric acid normally stimulated during food uptake
  • for dyspepsia, GERD
  • pepcid, zantac
25
Q

visceral referred pain patterns

A
26
Q

proton pump inhibitor

A
  • inhibit H+/K+-ATPase enzyme, blocking secretions of acid from gastric cells into stomach
  • for dyspepsia, GERD
  • prevacid, prilosec
27
Q

LUQ pain and potential etiologies

A
  • gastric ulcer
  • perforated colon
  • pneumonia
  • spleen injury
  • spleen rupture
  • aortic aneurysm
28
Q

RUQ pain and potential etiologies

A
  • hepatomegaly
  • duodenal ulcer
  • cholecystitis
  • pneumonia
  • hepatitis
  • biliary stones
29
Q

LLQ pain and potenial etiologies

A
  • perforated colon
  • ileitis
  • sigmoid colon
  • kidney stone
  • ureteral stone
  • intestinal obstruction
30
Q

RLQ pain and potential etiologies

A
  • kidney stone
  • ureteral stone
  • meckel diverticulum
  • appendicitis
  • cholecystitis
  • intestinal obstruction
31
Q

colectomy

A

sugrical removal of part or all of colon

32
Q

colostomy

A

surgial creation of opening from colon through abdominal wall

33
Q

enema

A
  • injection of fluid into rectum and colon to induce BM
34
Q

fistula

A

abnormal or surgically made passage that forms between 2 internal organs or between two different parts of intestine

35
Q

lower GI parts

A

small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large intetine: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colom, appendix

36
Q

mesentery

A
  • fold of peritoneum that carries BVs and lymph glands, attaches various organs to abdominal wall
37
Q

paracentesis

A

removal of accumulated fluid from abdomen

38
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles of intestines which propel fluid

39
Q

polyps (colon)

A

small, non-cancerous growths on inner lining of colon

40
Q

stoma

A

artificial opening of intestine through abdominal wall

41
Q

varices

A

large, swollen veins tht develop in esophagus or stomach, often causing internal bleeding

NPTE (32 decks)

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