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NPTE > PTFE CP > Flashcards

PTFE CP Flashcards

1
Q

clots in R heart end up in _ and clots in L end up in _

A
  • R to lungs
  • L to brain
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2
Q

_ valve in R side of heart and _ valve in L side of heart

A
  • tricuspid valve - RA to RV
  • mitral (bicuspid) valve - LA to LV

“try” before you “by”

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3
Q

heart auscultation points

A
  • A: atrial
  • P: pulmonary
  • E
  • To: tricuspid
  • Man: mitral
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4
Q

normal heart rates

A
  • newborn: 120-140
  • 1-12 months: 80-140
  • 1-3 years: 80-130
  • 3-5 years: 8-120
  • 6-12 years: 70-110
  • 13-17 years: 55-105
  • 18+ years: 60-100
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5
Q

systole

A
  • emptying
  • “squeeze”
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6
Q

heart sounds

A
  • S1: AV closes - onset of systole
  • S2: semilunar valve (pulmonar/aortic) close - onset of diastole
  • S3 (abnormal): early diastole, associated w/ CHF, athletes
  • S4 (abnormal): late diastole, MI or HTN
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7
Q

BP classifications

A
  • normal: <120/<80
  • elevated: 120s/80
  • stage 1 HTN: 130s OR 80s
  • stage 2 HTN: 140s OR 90s
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8
Q

preload

A
  • amount of blood in ventricle at end of diastole (LVEDV)
  • at end of filling
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9
Q

afterload

A
  • force LV must generate to overcome aortic pressure
  • systemic vascular resistance
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10
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected w/ each contraction

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11
Q

ejection fraction

A
  • % of blood ejected from total volume of ventricle
  • normal: 55-75%
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12
Q

HR and SBP change _ w/ increased exercise

A
  • linearly
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13
Q

UE exercise vs LE exercise

A
  • UE has 30% increase in sympathetic activity - increases HR more markedly
  • BP increases more markedly in UE exercise d/t lower mechanical efficiency and recruitment for stabilizing postural muscleds
  • UE exercises produces increased BP and HR response
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14
Q

CN X (vagus nerve) activation does what?

A
  • decreases HR and BP
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15
Q

valsalva

A
  • intrathoracic pressure increased aganist closed glottis
  • collpased IVC and SVC reduce BP and HR
  • overshoot of incr BP and decr HR during “phase 4” - overactivation of PNS
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16
Q

INR

A
  • normal is 1.0
  • therapeutic range 2.0-3.0
  • check w/ coumadin/warfarin
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17
Q

white blood cells

A
  • leukocytosis - too high (>11) -> infection
  • leukopenia - too low (<4) -> chemo
  • neutropenia - way too low (<1.5)

normal 5.0-10.0 10^6/L

18
Q

platelets

A
  • thrombocytosis - too high (> 450)
  • thrombocytopenia (< 150)

140-400 k/uL

19
Q

hematocrit

A
  • polycythemia - too high
  • anemia - too low
20
Q

normal vs abnormal EKG w/ exercise

A
  • normal
  • P wave increases in height
  • R wave decreases in height
  • J point depressed
  • ST segment sharply up sloping
  • Q-T interval shortens
  • T wave decreases in height
  • abnormal
  • excess ST segment depression > 2 mm
  • ST elevation > 1mm
  • increase PR interval
  • missing Q
  • missing P
  • increase/decrease wave time
21
Q

if you’re looking at EKG leads, PT should look at

A
  • lead 2
22
Q

EKG interpretation

A
  • P-wave: atrial depolarization
  • P-R interval: atrial depolarization, SA to AV
  • QRS complex: atrial repolarization, ventricular depolarization
  • QT interval: ventricular depolarization and repolarization
  • ST segment: time ventricles are depolarized
  • T wave: ventricular repolarization
23
Q

heart block

A
  • heart electrical system disease
  • 1st degree: PR interval lengthened, delayed conduction from atria to ventricles through AV node
  • 2nd degree- type 1: progressively longer PR interval
  • 2nd degree - type 2: purkinje fiber diseaes, repeated P waves -> progress to complete heart block
  • 3rd degree: block in purkinje system, life threatening
24
Q

breath sounds

A
  • crackles/rale - CHF, pulmonary edema/fibrosis, infection of small bronchioles
  • wheezes - high-pitched wheezing , asthma
  • rhonchi - low pitched wheezing, pneumonia, bronchitis, COPD, cystic fibrosis
  • stridor - high pitched airway, upper airway blockage
  • cheyne-stokes respiration - rapid breathing followed by apnea/cardiac failure
25
Q

postural draininage

A
26
Q

aerobic exercise prescription

A
  • 40-85% of HRR
  • HRR = HRmax - HRrest
27
Q

indications/contraindications for cardiac rehab

A
  • indications
  • medically stable post MI
  • stable angina
  • CABG
  • stable heart failure
  • heart transplant
  • valvular heart surgery
  • pad, cad
  • contraindications
  • unstable angina
  • uncontrolled HTN
  • orthostatic BP drop
  • aortic stenosis
  • uncontrolled arrythmias
  • pericarditis/myocarditis
  • 3rd degree AV block w/o pacemaker
  • uncontrolled PE/DVT
28
Q

cardiac rehab phases

A
  • phase 1: inpatient, acute stay
  • phase 2: OP phase
  • phase 3: community program - self-regulated, 6-12 months
29
Q

calcium channel blockers

A
  • decrease entry of Ca into vascular smooth muscle
  • relax and widen BVs - diminished myocardial contraction, vasodilation, decrease O2 demand
  • decreases HR and BP
  • “-pine” & cardizem
  • “cookie monster says PINE cones are a great Ca source”
30
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A
  • decrease BP and afterload
  • suppress enzyme that converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II (which vasoconstrics)
  • results in decreased BP
  • “-pril”
  • “Ace-pril fools; aces -> now i can relax”
31
Q

positive ionotropic agents

A
  • increase force of muscular contractions
  • increases force and velocity of myocardial contraction, slows HR, decreases conduction through AV node (increases BP)
  • digitalis/digoxin
  • decreases HR for more efficiency
  • “I DIG star wars & the force”
32
Q

beta blockers

A
  • decrease myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing HR and contractility
  • block action of beta receptors on SNS in lung, heart
  • results in decreased HR and BP - interfere with bonding of epinephrine, norepinephrine
  • “-lol”
  • “If you use LOL on facebook, I beta block you”
33
Q

biot’s respiration

A
  • ataxic respiration
  • periodic breathing hyperpnoea and apnea
  • poor prognosis, neuron damage
34
Q

kussmaul breathing

A
  • metabolic acidosis/diabetes mellitus
  • hyperpnoea - deeper breathing
  • K - ketones
  • U - uremia
  • S - sepsis
  • S - salicylates
  • M - methanol
  • A - aldehydes
  • U
  • L - lactic acid
35
Q

cheyne-stokes respiration

A
  • periodic breathing: gradual hyperpnoea, hypopnoea, apnea
  • shallow, deep, shallow, break
36
Q

obstructive vs restrictive lung disease

A
  • obstructive: makes airways smaller, oreo milkshakes; COPD, emphysema, chronic brinchitis, asthma, CF
  • restrictive: cannot fully fill lungs with air, restricted from full expansion; DMD, ALS, scoliosis
37
Q

lung diseases and volumes

A
  • obstructive: decr VC, IRV, ERV; increased RV, FRC, TLC
  • restrictive: decr everything
38
Q

hemoglobin cut off

A
  • if < 8, don’t ambulate
  • only “essential daily activities”
39
Q

hematocrit cut off

A
  • <25% on essential ADLs
40
Q

PaO2

A
  • normal > 80 mmHg
  • no PT w/ partial pressure O2 < 60 mmHg
41
Q

glucose cut off

A
  • normal 80-120
  • no PT < 70 or > 300
42
Q

potassium cutoffs

A
  • normal 3.5-5.0 for nerve impulse transmission, contractility of muscle

NPTE (32 decks)

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