Parkinson disease article 1

Question 1

What is the second most comon neurodegenerative disease?

Answer 1

Parkinson

Question 2

What % of the population has Parkinsons?

Answer 2

2-3% over 65 years

Question 3

hallmarks of Parkinson disease

Answer 3

Neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, which causes striatal
dopamine deficiency, and intracellular inclusions containing aggregates of α‑synuclein.

Question 4

Parkinson disease is rare before 50 years of age, but the incidence increases ____-fold from the sixth
to the ninth decade of life.

Answer 4

5–10

Question 5

Parkinson disease is ____ as common in men than in women in most populations.

Answer 5

twice

Question 6

In early-stage disease, loss of dopaminergic neurons is restricted to the _____ substantia nigra

Answer 6

ventrolateral

Question 7

The Lewy pathology initially occurs
in ______ and ______brainstem neurons and in neurons in the ______

Answer 7

cholinergic, monoamenergic, olfactory bulb.

Question 8

The lewy pathology is also fownd in:

Answer 8

In limbic and neocortical brain regions with disease progression.

Question 9

Hereditability of parkinsons represents:

Answer 9

5-10% of all cases.

Question 10

Alfa sinuclein probably has a function in:

Answer 10

Synaptic vesicle dynamics, mitochondrial function, intracellular trafficking and might be a potential chaperone.

Question 11

Intracellular homeostasis of α-synuclein is maintained by the actions of the ________ and ______ system (LAS)

Answer 11

ubiquitin–proteasome system, lysosomal autophagy system (LAS).

Question 12

The ____ mutation in the gene encoding _____ is associated with impaired LAS and increased aggregation of α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons that are exposed to α-synuclein fibrils.

Answer 12

G2019S, LRRK2

Question 13

Gross macroscopic atrophy of the brain is a of Parkinson disease?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

In early-stage disease, loss of dopaminergic neurons is restricted to the _____?

Answer 14

Ventromedial substancia nigra with relative sparing of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons.

Question 15

In patients with Alzhimer pathology there is a diffrent pattern of alfa sinuclein pathology that concentrates mainly in?

Answer 15

Limbic brain regions

Question 16

What are some molecular pathways than when perturbed can trigger neuropathology that resembles parkinson?

Answer 16

Alfa sinulcein proteostasis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, axonal transport and neuroinflamation.

Question 17

what is the gane encoding alfra inuclein?

Answer 17

SNCA

Question 18

What is more important, the uboquitine protosome system or LAS?

Answer 18

LAS

Question 19

What dose chaperone mediated autophagy involves?

Answer 19

specific chaperones that target certain proteins to lysosomes

Question 20

What dose macrophagy entails?

Answer 20

The formation of autophagosomes that are directed to perinuclear lysosomes

Question 21

lysosomal enzyme levels are ____ particularly in neurons containing α-synuclein inclusions.

Answer 21

reduced

Question 22

Markers of chaperone-mediated autophagy are ______ and autophagosomes _____

Answer 22

Decreased, accumulate

Question 23

What is the most common genetic risk factor for parkinson disease?

Answer 23

Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme GBA that reduces LAS function

Question 24

Aging is reported to result in a progressive decline in what gene activity?

Answer 24

GBA

Question 25

¿What are the genetic parkinsons?

Answer 25

Parkinson autosomal dominante
Early ondset parkinson disease
Complex genetic forms

Question 26

What dose the prion like propagation of parkinson disease proposes?

Answer 26

Once alfa sinuclein aggregates they can be transported intra-axonally to other brain brain regions, be released into the extracellular space, be taken up by neighbouring neurons and seed aggregation of endogenous α- synuclein once inside their new cellular host.

Question 27

In brak thory what are the first places of alfa synuclein agregation?

Answer 27

Gut and olfactory bulb

Question 28

How is the activity of Mitochondrial Complex I in Parkinson’s tissues altered?

Answer 28

Its activity is reduced, and it’s linked with α-synuclein accumulation which leads to oxidative stress.

Question 29

What early neurodegenerative event is indicative of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 29

Changes observed in the striatum, even years before diagnosis, with dysfunctional nigrostriatal axon terminals

Question 30

What role does the MIRO protein have in Parkinson’s disease and mitochondrial health?

Answer 30

MIRO connects mitochondria to microtubule motors. Its impaired degradation affects the clearance of damaged mitochondria.

Question 31

Oxidative stress starts early or late during neurodegeneration in parkinsons disease?

Answer 31

Its debatable

Question 32

Why are nigral dopaminergic neurons vulnerable to stress?

Answer 32

unmylienated axons, autonomus calcium oscilations, cytosolic dopamine and its metabolites cause toxic oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress can lead to the depletion of lysosomes

Question 33

Catecholaminergic neurons in the brains of Parkinson’s patients have shown a tendency to express ___ class I proteins.

Answer 33

MHC

Question 34

Basal ganglia is characterized by a strong convergence of _____ input onto relatively few _____ output neurons and back to the cortex.

Answer 34

cortical , subcortical

Question 35

The decreased dopamine in the stratium results in a increased in what type of inhibition

Answer 35

GABAergic inhibition of the thalamus

Question 36

Lesioning of the globus pallidus internus or the subthalamic nucleus proved to be effective in alleviating ________.

Answer 36

bradykinesia

Question 37

What is a hyperdirect pathway?

Answer 37

A monosynaptic link between motor cortical areas and the subthalamic nucleus.

Question 38

What are some other changes apart from changes in firing of neurons that could be causing parkinson symptoms?

Answer 38

abnormal neural synchronization and cortico–subcortical coupling

Question 39

The avrage age of onset of parkinson is in

Answer 39

the late 50

Question 40

Non motor simptoms of parkinson disease

Answer 40

Disorders of sleep–wake cycle regulation, cognitive impairment, disorders of mood and affect, autonomic dysfunction, as well as sensory symptoms (hyposmia) and pain

Question 41

What are the three types of diagnostic tests?

Answer 41

Imaging, genetic analysis and cerebro spinal fluid analysis.

Question 42

What imaging technique is approved to differentiate between Parkinson disease and clinical mimics that are not associated with presynaptic nigrostriatal terminal dysfunction?

Answer 42

SPECT

Question 43

Dopamine agonists have a longer or shorter half-life than l-DOPA?

Answer 43

Longer

Question 44

What dopamine agonist has less secondary effects ?

Answer 44

apomorphine

Question 45

What is the target of DBS?

Answer 45

subthalamic nucleus