39 - Cell Adaption and Stress

Question 1

do u know

Answer 1

review

Question 2

What are the body’s innate responses to stresses?

Answer 2

Question 3

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 3

• Increase in the size (but not number) of cells
• Usually in cells incapable of division
• Physiologic versus pathologic forms
• Increased functional demand, stimulation by hormones or growth factors

Can be due to:
* Physiologic
- Hormonal stimulation (pregnancy, puberty)
* Pathologic
- Increased workload (valve dysfunction,
hypertension)
* Increased protein synthesis, upregulation of
embryonic genes

Question 4

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 4

• Increase in number (and size) of cells
• Physiologic versus pathologic forms
• Coexistence with hypertrophy

can be due to:
* Physiologic
– Hormonal stimulation (pregnancy, puberty)
* Compensatory (e.g. regeneration)
* Pathologic
- Hormonal stimulation
- Infection/Inflammation
- Chronic irritation

Question 5

What is atrophy?

Answer 5

• Decrease in the number or size of cells
  results in:
• Decreased metabolism
• Decreased protein synthesis
• Increased protein degradation
• Increased autophagy
• Mechanisms
• Decreased workload (disuse)
• Denervation
  -Decreased blood supply (chronic)
• Inadequate nutrition
• Hormonal withdrawal
• Chronic inflammation
• Localized pressure

Question 6

What is metaplasia?

Answer 6

• Replacement of one differentiated cell type by
  another differentiated cell type
• Toxic environment
• Loss of specialized function
• Epithelial cells (most common)

Question 7

What is dysplasia?

Answer 7

• Disordered cell growth and maturation
• May evolve from hyperplasia or metaplasia
• Risk for neoplastic transformation

Question 8

What are intracellular accumulations? How are they formed?

Answer 8

• Types of materials build up in cells:
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Pigments
• Exogenous material
• Mechanisms
• “Normal” aging (chronic lipid peroxidation)
• Altered metabolism (increased production
  or decreased breakdown)
• Production of an abnormal molecule
• Impaired enzyme function
• Exogenous material

Question 9

What is abnormal (pathologic) calcification?

Answer 9

• Dystrophic – previously injured or dead tissue,
  unrelated to serum calcium
• Metastatic – previously normal tissue, associated with
  hypercalcemia

looks like black spots i think